“…A conventional universal strategy for enhancing the detection sensitivity is to amplify output signals by introducing as many enzyme molecules as possible . Currently, immunoassays that measure protein biomarkers by means of specific recognition include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), , colorimetric methods, − electrochemiluminescence assays, fluoroimmunoassays, , electrochemical immunosensor-based assays, , surface plasmon resonance-based assays , and photoelectrochemical-based immunoassays. , Despite ongoing efforts, the detection sensitivity of enzymes has been low due to their inferior stability and vulnerable catalytic activity, and consequently so has their limitation . The need for an effective enzyme-free signal amplification immunoassay has become increasingly urgent since this type of method enables ultrasensitive detection with rapid response and long-term stability, which are highly desirable for clinical diagnosis.…”