Rapid and Highly Sensitive Determination of Melamine in Different Food Samples by Corona Discharge Ion Mobility Spectrometry after Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction

Abstract

In this work, for the first time, a highly sensitive method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with positive corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry as a fast and inexpensive technique has been evaluated for the direct determination of melamine. The effective parameters influencing the microextraction efficiency, such as pH, the properties of extraction and dispersion solvent were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, analytical parameters such as linearity, precision and limit of detection were evaluated. The calibration graph of melamine determination using the proposed method has two regions of linearity from 0.5 to 70 ng mL -1 and 70 to 1500 ng mL -1 , the limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.25 and 0.5 ng mL -1 , respectively, and the relative standard deviation was less than 3% for all experiments. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of melamine in the milk, dairy products and egg yolk.

Determination of carcinogenic herbicides in milk samples using green non-ionic silicone surfactant of cloud point extraction and spectrophotometry

“…The extraction equilibrium can be achieved within 15 min. This was probably because the contact surface area between the triazine species and extraction phase was very large due to the tiny drops of the upper extraction phase that formed evenly in the solution [ 37 ]. This may have happened due to the dehydration of salt molecules where the breaking of hydrogen bonding from water molecules increased the size of micelles and enhanced the solubility of the analytes [ 12 ].…”

Development of a method for melamine determination in beer and beer-type beverages by GC-MS/MS

“…For instance, for dried or fresh dairy products (Cai, 2008;Zhao, 2013;Faraji, 2017), drinking water and wastewater (Beltrán-Martinnavaro, 2013), fish and pork kidney (Nochetto, 2013;Beltrán-Martinavarro, 2014), or body fluids (Marco-Peiró, 2012). Various sample preparation techniques were used for extraction of melamine from sample matrices, e.g., ion-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) (Cai, 2008;Zhao, 2013), cloud-point extraction (Nascimento, 2015), or dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (Mirzajani, 2016;Faraji, 2017). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were usually based on separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography with the fluorescence or spectrophotometric detection (de Lourdes Mendes Finete, 2014; Faraji, 2017), micellar liquid chromatography (Peris-Vicente, 2016), capillary zone electrophoresis (Demirhan, 2015), and gas or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (Cai, 2008;Nochetto, 2013;Zhao, 2013).…”

“…Another derivatization by dapsyl chloride was used to increase detection sensitivity of liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detection (Faraji, 2017). Besides separation techniques, melamine was further determined by molecularly imprinted impedimetric sensors (Wu, 2012), electrochemical sensors (Zhao, 2019), electron fluorescence (Nascimento, 2015), and by ion-mobility spectrometry (Mirzajani, 2016). Although many analytical techniques were developed, only a limited number of them was applied on various food and beverages (except milk products), even though the European regulation (EU No.…”