Rapid and high-throughput testing of antifungal susceptibility using an AIEgen-based analytical system

Noncancerous disease-targeting AIEgens

“…So far, many AIEgens have been synthesized for fungal detection. 73–76 For instance, Tang et al synthesized a microenvironment-sensitive AIEgen named IQ-Cm through Suzuki coupling and a one-pot multiple component reaction (Fig. 4A–C), for the visual discrimination of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi by the naked-eye (Fig.…”

Aggregation-induced emission biomaterials for anti-pathogen medical applications: detecting, imaging and killing

“…Another AIE probe DMASP was developed for antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST), which has been verified to be the most valuable way to determine the in vitro effectiveness of antifungal agents in clinic (Fig. 7C) [79]. Mitochondria…”

Rapid Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Based on Single-Cell Metabolism Analysis Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging

“…Indeed, it has been demonstrated that treating C. albicans cells with fluconazole led to a significant increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential, an intermediate form of energy storage related to ATP synthesis. 22,39 Moreover, fluconazole treatment has also been found to hyperpolarize the plasma membrane of Candida species, leading to an increased uptake of alkali metals and other cations. 40 The decreased metabolism in the amphotericin B-treated cells could be attributed to an inhibited tricarboxylic acid cycle, as has been revealed by amphotericin B orientation imaging through polarization-sensitive SRS microscopy.…”

“…For example, genotypic approaches based on nucleic acid diagnosis have been used for the rapid detection of antifungal resistance. − However, drug-resistant genes only constitute part of all possible resistance mechanisms; they cannot fully predict antifungal drug sensitivity nor the phenotypical behavior of a pathogen . Phenotypic approaches have been designed to measure cell viability with fluorescent dyes by flow cytometry, − changes to the proteome by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), , heat production by isothermal microcalorimetry, morphological changes by reflectometric interference spectroscopy, and fungal activity via a mitochondria-targeting fluorescent probe . While these methods reduced the test time, they were either only available for a limited microorganism spectrum or could not effectively determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) .…”

“…14 Phenotypic approaches have been designed to measure cell viability with fluorescent dyes by flow cytometry, 15−18 changes to the proteome by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-offlight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), 19,20 heat production by isothermal microcalorimetry, 21 morphological changes by reflectometric interference spectroscopy, 14 and fungal activity via a mitochondria-targeting fluorescent probe. 22 While these methods reduced the test time, they were either only available for a limited microorganism spectrum or could not effectively determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). 14 Moreover, the performance and utility of these approaches have not been validated in a clinical context.…”