“…These examples highlight the crucial role of MS technology and related chemometric methods in the separation and identification of TCMs components. Notably, similar MS-processing methods (e.g., ionic isotopes optimization, fragment rules, and mass spectrum prediction) can also be applied to 2D-LC analyses ( Hong et al, 2020 , Zeng et al, 2023 , Zeng et al, 2021 , Zhang et al, 2022 ), and machine learning and other chemometric methods can indirectly improve component identification in 2D chromatography.…”