“…The vision-based monitoring systems have been used in previous studies to monitor target objects for various purposes such as progress monitoring [12,14,16,31,32,[38][39][40][41][42], productivity analysis [8,18,20,26,43], safety management [24,[44][45][46][47][48][49], facility condition assessment [13,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58], and monitoring technology used on a construction site [10,19,21,22,[27][28][29][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Most of the studies have one or two recognizable object classes.…”