Rapid analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a porous graphitic carbon column

Rey, Verónica; Botana, Ana M.; Antelo, Álvaro; Alvarez, Mercedes; Botana, Luís M.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.008

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Similar precision was obtained by Nzoughet et al in gastropods [25]. The sensitivity obtained was better or of the same order as most other published studies [12,14,24,25,27], and considered totally fit for purpose, though lower than the sensitivities obtained by Leão et al and Turner et al [13,21]. LOQ values of the latter are respectively of 0.9 and 0.8 µg TTX/kg.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Hort

Arnich

Guérin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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In 2015, tetrodotoxins (TTXs) were considered a potential threat in Europe since several studies had shown the presence of these toxins in European bivalve molluscs. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of TTXs in 127 bivalve samples (mussels and oysters) and in 66 gastropod samples (whelks) collected all along the French mainland coasts in 2017 and 2018. Analyses were carried out after optimization and in-house validation of a performing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography associated with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method. The concentration set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) not expected to result in adverse effects (44 µg TTX equivalent/kg) was never exceeded, but TTX was detected in three mussel samples and one whelk sample (1.7–11.2 µg/kg). The tissue distribution of TTX in this whelk sample showed higher concentrations in the digestive gland, stomach and gonads (7.4 µg TTX/kg) than in the rest of the whelk tissues (below the limit of detection of 1.7 µg TTX/kg). This is the first study to report the detection of TTX in French molluscs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…For bivalve molluscs, recoveries ranged from 99 to 108%. To the best of our knowledge, the trueness of this method is the best among all in-house-validated procedures [8,16,20,21,23,24]. For gastropods, recoveries ranged from 74 to 80%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Hort

Arnich

Guérin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Standard solutions including GTX1-4,6, C1-2, dcGTX2-3, STX, neoSTX, and dcSTX purchased from National Research Council Canada (NRC; Halifax, NS, Canada). STXs’ analysis was performed using a HPLC-FLD system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) and the post-column method with a slight modification of the process described by Rey et al [ 88 ]. The fluorescence detector operated at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm and emission was scanned at 390 nm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Temperature and Cold Stress Significantly Increase Saxitoxins (STXs) and Expression of STX Biosynthesis Genes sxtA4 and sxtG in the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella

et al. 2021

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Toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. produce saxitoxins (STXs), whose biosynthesis pathway is affected by temperature. However, the link between the regulation of the relevant genes and STXs’ accumulation and temperature is insufficiently understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of temperature on cellular STXs and the expression of two core STX biosynthesis genes (sxtA4 and sxtG) in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella Alex03 isolated from Korean waters. We analyzed the growth rate, toxin profiles, and gene responses in cells exposed to different temperatures, including long-term adaptation (12, 16, and 20 °C) and cold and heat stresses. Temperature significantly affected the growth of A. catenella, with optimal growth (0.49 division/day) at 16 °C and the largest cell size (30.5 µm) at 12 °C. High concentration of STXs eq were detected in cells cultured at 16 °C (86.3 fmol/cell) and exposed to cold stress at 20®12 °C (96.6 fmol/cell) compared to those at 20 °C and exposed to heat stress. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed significant gene expression changes of sxtA4 in cells cultured at 16 °C (1.8-fold) and cold shock at 20®16 °C (9.9-fold). In addition, sxtG was significantly induced in cells exposed to cold shocks (20®16 °C; 19.5-fold) and heat stress (12®20 °C; 25.6-fold). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that low temperature (12 and 16 °C) and cold stress were positively related with STXs’ production and gene expression levels. These results suggest that temperature may affect the toxicity and regulation of STX biosynthesis genes in dinoflagellates.

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“…First, the conditions for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, especially for MS conditions, were optimized for the simultaneous analysis of PSTs and TTXs based on the previously reported methods [47][48][49][50][51][52]. Liquid chromatography (LC) conditions reported by Thomas et al [52] were slightly modified for use in this study (see, Section 4.7).…”

Section: Optimization Of Hilic-ms/ms Conditions For Simultaneous Analmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

et al. 2019

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Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are the major neurotoxic contaminants of edible bivalves in Japan. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was recently detected in bivalve shellfish around the world, drawing widespread attention. In Japan, high levels of TTX were reported in the digestive gland of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, in 1993; however, no new data have emerged since then. In this study, we simultaneously analyzed PSTs and TTX in scallops cultured in a bay of east Japan using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-MS/MS. These scallops were temporally collected from April to December 2017. The highest concentration of PSTs (182 µmol/kg, total congeners) in the hepatopancreas was detected in samples collected on May 23, lined to the cell density of the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, in seawater around the scallops, whereas the highest concentration of TTX (421 nmol/kg) was detected in samples collected on August 22. Contrary to the previous report, temporal variation of the PSTs and TTX concentrations did not coincide. The highest concentration of TTX in the entire edible tissues was 7.3 µg/kg (23 nmol/kg) in samples obtained on August 22, which was lower than the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-proposed threshold, 44 µg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat. In addition, 12β-deoxygonyautoxin 3 was firstly identified in scallops.

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Rapid analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a porous graphitic carbon column

Cited by 27 publications

References 22 publications

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

First Detection of Tetrodotoxin in Bivalves and Gastropods from the French Mainland Coasts

Low Temperature and Cold Stress Significantly Increase Saxitoxins (STXs) and Expression of STX Biosynthesis Genes sxtA4 and sxtG in the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

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