Rapid analysis of fentanyls and other novel psychoactive substances in substance use disorder patient urine using paper spray mass spectrometry

Kennedy, Joseph H.; Palaty, Jan; Gill, Chris G.; Wiseman, Justin M.

doi:10.1002/rcm.8164

Cited by 42 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We have previously observed that mannitol, a commonly used street drug cutting agent, 31 demonstrated signal ionization enhancements for fentanyl and analogs in PS‐MS measurements, resulting in different calibration slopes 23 . This was not observed in these studies, evidenced by the nearly identical calibration slopes for fentanyl in pure methanol, versus fentanyl in methanol with 10% (w/w) mannitol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…This was not observed in these studies, evidenced by the nearly identical calibration slopes for fentanyl in pure methanol, versus fentanyl in methanol with 10% (w/w) mannitol. This may be a MS source‐dependent phenomenon, as the previous study employed a capillary inlet 23 instead of the Z‐Spray inlet geometry used here. However, as Figure 2 illustrates, even a very high solids loading of the OTC cold medication matrix (see Table S4 for composition) of 5% (w/v) in methanol lead to only a modest 15% reduction in the calibration sensitivity for fentanyl.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid and quantitative determination of fentanyls and pharmaceuticals from powdered drug samples by paper spray mass spectrometry

Borden

Saatchi

Krogh

et al. 2020

Analytical Science Advances

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Paper spray mass spectrometry is presented as a direct, quantitative tool for the measurement of pharmaceutical drugs and a variety of fentanyl analogs in solid samples and powder slurries with the ultimate goal of providing meaningful harm‐reduction drug checking. Method development and validation was carried out for fentanyl analog slurries as a proxy for street drug samples. Lower limits of quantitation were determined to be 3.6‐7.4 ng/g for fentanyl analogs in the pharmaceutical slurry matrix. Using 1 mg of solid sample, the method can quantify picogram quantities of these drugs, well below required thresholds for even the most potent fentanyl analogs. Quality control samples were prepared and used to assess method validity according to the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines. Performance metrics for both precision and accuracy were found to be within SWGTOX‐recommended guidelines. Additionally, pharmaceutical tablets were used to demonstrate the applicability of the developed paper spray methodology for the direct qualitative and quantitative analysis of active ingredients in pharmaceutical powders deposited directly onto the paper spray substrate. A proposed workflow for rapid solid drug sample measurements is presented with potential applications for point‐of‐use street drug measurements and other solid sample matrices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and quantitative determination of fentanyls and pharmaceuticals from powdered drug samples by paper spray mass spectrometry

Borden

Saatchi

Krogh

et al. 2020

Analytical Science Advances

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show abstract

“…There is an increasing need for field analysis of drugs of abuse, most notably in the forensic community. PS MS provides a more sensitive solution to perform road‐side testing for fresh blood collected onto paper, compared to the conventional colorimetric techniques (Su et al, ; Wang et al, ; Espy et al, ; Ma et al, ; Costa et al, ; Domingos et al, ; Teunissen et al, ; Kennedy et al, ; Yang et al, ). PS MS is effective for detecting structurally different small organic compounds (Fig.…”

Section: Direct Analysis Of Molecules In Native Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications

Frey

Damon

Badu‐Tawiah

2019

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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Recent advancements in the sensitivity of chemical instrumentation have led to increased interest in the use of microsamples for translational and biomedical research. Paper substrates are by far the most widely used media for biofluid collection, and mass spectrometry is the preferred method of analysis of the resultant dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Although there have been a variety of review papers published on DBS, there has been no attempt to unify the century old DBS methodology with modern applications utilizing modified paper and paper‐based microfluidics for sampling, storage, processing, and analysis. This critical review will discuss how mass spectrometry has expanded the utility of paper substrates from sample collection and storage, to direct complex mixture analysis to on‐surface reaction monitoring.

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“…With respect to sensitivity, the use of mass spectrometry is a logical choice for drug testing strategies. Numerous groups have demonstrated low picogram to nanogram level detection limits with PS‐MS for a wide variety of analyte and matrix combinations, such as drugs, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites in blood and urine, various contaminants in foodstuffs, and chemical warfare agents, amongst many others. It is worth again noting that PS‐MS is a direct method, unlike other drug analysis procedures, which often require extraction or enrichment steps.…”

Section: Sensitivity and Quantitative Capabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Novel psychoactive substances, with widely varied toxicities, constantly appear in street drug samples and cannot be easily identified or quantified by currently used rapid screening technologies. To address this shortcoming, PS‐MS may be easily interfaced with a high‐resolution mass spectrometer, such as an Orbitrap or Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR), in combination with MS/MS to allow for nontargeted unknown analysis and more definitive sample characterization. As a result, PS‐MS combines ease of sampling with powerful instrumentation to quickly identify novel substances and metabolites in urine samples, or substances from raw drug samples.…”

Section: Specificity and Non‐targeted Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper spray mass spectrometry: A new drug checking tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis

Vandergrift

Gill

2019

J Mass Spectrom

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Fentanyl and related psychoactive substances are at the forefront of the opioid overdose crisis, for which a complete solution is not immediately obvious. Drug testing for harm reduction may be an effective approach to both reduce overdoses and importantly, engage people who use drugs (PWUD) with the medical system. Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is an ambient ionization strategy that is uniquely suited to address this complicated analytical task. This perspectives article presents the merits of PS-MS, with a focus upon the current state of its use as a candidate drug checking strategy for harm reduction. PS-MS is inherently sensitive and selective, with detection limits in the picogram range. It requires small drug samples (~1 mg) for quantitative drug testing, critical to encourage pre-consumption measurements by PWUD in the context of a harm reduction strategy. Calibrations obtained in surrogate drug matrices containing highly concentrated primary drugs demonstrate comparable sensitivities, a wide calibration range, and minimal matrix effects. PS-MS can be interfaced with high-resolution MS for non-targeted analysis, allowing the identification of novel psychoactive substances as they appear in street drugs. Individual quantitative PS-MS measurements for drug testing can be done in 1 minute or less, resulting in high sample throughput. Significant advancement in mass spectrometer miniaturization and mobilization has concomitant benefits for direct, on-site drug checking, such as reduced cost, simplified maintenance and ease of use by less skilled operators. While PS-MS technology continues to rapidly advance, it is our opinion that PS-MS can be utilized as an effective tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis. KEYWORDS direct mass spectrometry, drug checking, harm reduction, opioid overdose crisis, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS)

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Rapid analysis of fentanyls and other novel psychoactive substances in substance use disorder patient urine using paper spray mass spectrometry

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

Rapid and quantitative determination of fentanyls and pharmaceuticals from powdered drug samples by paper spray mass spectrometry

Rapid and quantitative determination of fentanyls and pharmaceuticals from powdered drug samples by paper spray mass spectrometry

Emerging trends in paper spray mass spectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications

Paper spray mass spectrometry: A new drug checking tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis

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