Rapid Advances in Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer

McCune, Jeannine S.

doi:10.1002/cpt.985

Cited by 66 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…As a result, cancer immunotherapy has become the "fourth pillar" of cancer treatment, alongside the more traditional approaches of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. 9 Therefore, as the incidence of obesity in the United States continues to rise, it is likely that a growing number of cancer patients with obesity will be treated with immunotherapies. For this reason, understanding the ways in which host obesity subverts normal immune function, in the presence and absence of immune-stimulatory therapies, is a critical issue in the field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and CD8 T cell metabolism: Implications for anti‐tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy outcomes

Turbitt

Rosean

Weber

et al. 2020

Immunological Reviews

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Obesity is an established risk factor for many cancers and has recently been found to alter the efficacy of T cell–based immunotherapies. Currently, however, the effects of obesity on immunometabolism remain unclear. Understanding these associations is critical, given the fact that T cell metabolism is tightly linked to effector function. Thus, any obesity‐associated changes in T cell bioenergetics are likely to drive functional changes at the cellular level, alter the metabolome and cytokine/chemokine milieu, and impact cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Here, we provide a brief overview of T cell metabolism in the presence and absence of solid tumor growth and summarize current literature regarding obesity‐associated changes in T cell function and bioenergetics. We also discuss recent findings related to the impact of host obesity on cancer immunotherapy outcomes and present potential mechanisms by which T cell metabolism may influence therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we describe promising pharmaceutical therapies that are being investigated for their ability to improve CD8 T cell metabolism and enhance cancer immunotherapy outcomes in patients, regardless of their obesity status.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and CD8 T cell metabolism: Implications for anti‐tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy outcomes

Turbitt

Rosean

Weber

et al. 2020

Immunological Reviews

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“…In recent years, immunotherapy has revolutionized the way we treat cancer and been recognized as one of the four pillars of cancer treatment alongside surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy [132,133]. Current immunotherapy mainly relies on antibodies that block the ligation of inhibitory receptors Cells 2020, 9, 1181 9 of 18 such as PD-1, allowing tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells to exhibit its cytotoxicity capacity against tumor cells.…”

Section: The Inhibitory Receptors On γδ T Cells and Cancer Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aging of γδ T Cells

Lau

Fülöp

et al. 2020

Cells

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In the coming decades, many developed countries in the world are expecting the "greying" of their populations. This phenomenon poses unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems. Aging is one of the most important risk factors for infections and a myriad of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common denominator that is implicated in these diseases is the immune system. The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive arms that complement each other to provide the host with a holistic defense system. While the diverse interactions between multiple arms of the immune system are necessary for its function, this complexity is amplified in the aging immune system as each immune cell type is affected differently-resulting in a conundrum that is especially difficult to target. Furthermore, certain cell types, such as γδ T cells, do not fit categorically into the arms of innate or adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first introduce the human γδ T cell family and its ligands before discussing parallels in mice. By covering the ontogeny and homeostasis of γδ T cells during their lifespan, we will better capture their evolution and responses to age-related stressors. Finally, we will identify knowledge gaps within these topics that can advance our understanding of the relationship between γδ T cells and aging, as well as age-related diseases such as cancer.Their well-characterized roles further imply the physiological importance of age-associated T-cell adaptations, which garners the widespread scientific interest that has contributed to the current depth of T-cell-related investigations [14,15].T cells can essentially be classified into the adaptive arm, although minority subsets exhibit an innate phenotype. Adaptive T cells include those expressing an αβ T cell receptor (TCR) at their surface and "innate-like" T cells are comprised of T cells expressing a γδ TCR, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT), invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEMT) [16]. This classification is based on their response speed when encountering new antigens and the ability to form memory cells that persist in long-term immunosurveillance. In this review, we will focus on γδ T cells and their contextual importance in cancer immunosurveillance, and on the reactivation of latent infections such as tuberculosis and virus-infected cells, as these topics require consolidation in the literature but are often neglected in the aging context.First, we will describe γδ T cells and their respective ligands in both mice and human. Next, we will analyze γδ T cells from cradle to grave (i.e., development to old age) to understand their aging trajectory during lifespan. Finally, we will suggest future developments that are necessary for our comprehension of how γδ T cells subsets are affected during the aging process. A better understanding of γδ T cell biology should enable scientists to tailor optimized immunotherapy that targets age-associated immune impairments in th...

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“…Cancer treatment has shifted from reliance on destruction of both healthy and malignant cells through chemotherapy and radiation therapy to a restorative approach that focuses on halting growth of the malignancy through preservation, repair, or restoration of normal tissue function, enabling healthier survivorship. The introduction of effective regenerative immunotherapies is unprecedented (McCune, 2018 ). The development of targeted therapies, beginning in the late 1990s, ushered in a new era in cancer treatments that hold great expectations of better effi cacy with fewer side effects since healthy cells would be increasingly spared by regenerative, precision therapies (Afghahi & Sledge, 2015 ).…”

Section: Opportuni Es For Nursing Prac Ce In Regenera Ve Health Carementioning

confidence: 99%

The Regenerative Horizon: Opportunities for Nursing Research and Practice

Chlan

Tofthagen

Terzic

2019

J of Nursing Scholarship

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Background: Regenerative technologies aim to restore organ form and function. Technological advances in regenerative treatments have led to patients increasingly seeking these therapies. The readiness of nursing to fully contribute to this emerging healthcare field is uncertain. Purpose: The goal of this discipline-oriented overview is to enhance awareness in the nursing community regarding regenerative science, and to provide suggestions for nursing research contributions and practice implications. Methods: Evolving and applied cutting-edge therapies, such as regenerative immunotherapies with chimeric antigen receptor expressing T lymphocytes, are highlighted in the context of emerging opportunities for nurses in practice and research. Discussion: Next generation nurses will increasingly be at the forefront of new therapies poised to make chronic illnesses curable, thus restoring health and function to diverse groups of individuals. Clinical Relevance: The regenerative care model imposes on the nursing community the imperative to (a) increase research awareness; (a) educate, develop, and deploy a skilled nursing workforce; (c) integrate regenerative technologies into nursing practice; and (d) embrace the regenerative technologies horizon as a future in health care.

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Rapid Advances in Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer

Cited by 66 publications

References 15 publications

Obesity and CD8 T cell metabolism: Implications for anti‐tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy outcomes

Obesity and CD8 T cell metabolism: Implications for anti‐tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy outcomes

The Aging of γδ T Cells

The Regenerative Horizon: Opportunities for Nursing Research and Practice

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