Range infrared detector issues in the SWAPc and pitch reduction context

Berthoz, Jocelyn; Rubaldo, L.; Brunner, A.; Maillard, Magalie; Vojetta, Gautier; Jomard, Noé; Courtas, S.; Péré‐Laperne, Nicolas; Rochette, F.; Gravrand, O.; Billon-Lanfrey, David

doi:10.1117/12.2561306

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Following the path used for 10µm pitch II-VI technology [11], consisting in maximising collection volume and minimizing diffusion volume, while maintaining high quantum efficiency and low temporal and spatial noise, outstanding MTF performances have been obtained for II-VI SXGA FPA as illustrated below. In good agreement with previous projections [12], MTF around 0.5 at Nyquist Frequency has been obtained on optimized photodiode design. Same performance is also obtained for III-V FPA.…”

Section: Mtf Performancessupporting

confidence: 90%

Sub-10μm pitch HOT technologies development at Lynred

Rubaldo¹,

Péré‐Laperne²,

Brunner³

et al. 2023

Infrared Technology and Applications XLIX

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LYNRED is oriented towards excellence in II-VI, III-V and bolometers technologies, covering all Society’s needs in term of infrared detection. Our vision is to preserve and protect, and more than ever, our goal is to provide the right technology to the field missions, spatial and industrial applications, and more generally the right technology to customers’ needs. For this purpose we are developing for the next generation pitch, MCT HOT technology, for extended MW band as well as III-V HOT MW blue band technology. Many challenges have to be addressed for future small pitch, large format and HOT detectors. Electrical and optical crosstalks as well as image quality and stability, are one of the prime concern for detectors with pixel pitch below 10μm. We will discuss about the trade-off between the different material properties and detector performances to ensure mandatory minimization of Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) for range optimization. We will then review latest 7.5μm pitch development at LYNRED, with SXGA formats, based on II-VI and III-V HOT materials, in terms of operability, residual fixed pattern noise (RFPN) and Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) optimizations.

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Section: Mtf Performancessupporting

confidence: 90%

Sub-10μm pitch HOT technologies development at Lynred

Rubaldo¹,

Péré‐Laperne²,

Brunner³

et al. 2023

Infrared Technology and Applications XLIX

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“…A number of challenges must be addressed when developing large-format, small-pitch (sub-10 μm) HgCdTe arrays, the most important of which are electrical and optical crosstalks. Berthoz et al [131] have conducted experimental and theoretical comparative studies of different pixel designs (planar, hole, mesa and depleted photodiodes), taking into account sensor range and image quality. Pixel reduction is necessary to optimise MTF, but at the same time two additional conditions must be met: maximum quantum efficiency and minimum spatial noise.…”

Section: Hgcdte Fpasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expert team of Lynred and Leti compared different FPAs in target detection and identification assuming the following conditions for the imager and scene [131]: In the dark current calculation, 'Rule 07' was adopted for planar and loophole photodiodes. Since the P-i-N photodiodes are not limited by Auger recombination, a reduction of the dark current by a factor of 100 compared to 'Rule 07' was adopted in this case.…”

Section: Hgcdte Fpasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scaling infrared detectors—status and outlook

Rogalski

2022

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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The predicted “Law 19” benchmark for HgCdTe photodiode performance established in 2019 is a milestone in the development of infrared detectors and make the dream of Elliott and colleagues, who in 1999 wrote that there is no fundamental obstacle to obtaining room temperature operation of photon detectors at room temperature with background-limited performance even in reduced fields of view [C.T. Elliott et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 2881 (1999)]. This circumstance will make it possible to achieve in the near future the room-temperature infrared (IR) arrays operation with high pixel density (small pixels) fully compatible with the background and diffraction-limited performance resulting from the system optics. The advent of smaller pixels also results in superior spatial and temperature resolutions of imaging systems. In megapixel imaging systems, the pixel dimension plays a crucial role in determining critical system attributes such as system size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP). In the paper, the physical limitations of pixel size related to the aperture of the optics, which in turn is wavelength dependent, are described. Since the critical parameter of small pixels is quantum efficiency, more attention has been paid to enhancing the coupling of radiation to the detector. Then, the evaluation for assessing the figure-of-merit of different material systems (especially short wavelength IR colloidal quantum dots, both medium and long wavelength IR novel III-V material systems) relative to bulk HgCdTe alloys is considered. Of the various thermal detectors, particular attention has been focused on bolometer arrays due to their largest share of the global commercial market. Also key challenges in realizing ultimate pixel dimensions in focal plane arrays (FPAs) design are presented for different material systems including dark current, pixel hybridization, pixel delineation, and unit cell readout capacity.

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“…So far in the literature, only MTF measurements in MWIR T2SL detectors with pitch sizes larger than 20 µm have been reported [10], [11]. In addition, MTF simulation studies of T2SL detectors only employ planar or incompletely etched geometries [12], [13]. While these configurations aim to minimize surface leakage currents and maximize the fill factor by not exposing the mesa sidewalls with an interpixel trench, not fully delineating the pixel penalizes the MTF values mainly due to high electrical crosstalk [6], [12], [13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Characterization of the Modulation Transfer Function in Fully Delineated Type-II Superlattices Infrared Detectors

Ramos,

Delmas,

Ivanov

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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The modulation transfer function (MTF) in fully delineated 15 µm pitch type-II superlattice (T2SL) midwave infrared (IR) detectors is studied theoretically and experimentally. Theoretically, a 2-D model to simulate the spot scan (SS) profile is presented and used to compute the MTF as a function of the wavelength and the array geometry (pitch size, trench width). The dependence of the detector trench on the MTF is also evaluated experimentally by the edge spread function (ESF) method according to the ISO12233 standard. The experimental results show an excellent agreement with the theoretical model, reporting an MTF of 0.61 and 0.60 at the Nyquist frequency for 1 and 2 µm trench, respectively. With the simulation model, the effect of the increased optical crosstalk for smaller pixel pitch is discussed as a function of the trench width (0.5, 1, and 2 µm) and incidence angle up to ±30 • . Simulation results show MTF values at the Nyquist frequency between 0.61-0.62, 0.58-0.60, and 0.55-0.57 with an average degradation of 1%, 2%, and 7% at an angle of ±30 • compared to normal incidence for the 10, 7.5, and 5 µm pitch, respectively.

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Range infrared detector issues in the SWAPc and pitch reduction context

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Sub-10μm pitch HOT technologies development at Lynred

Sub-10μm pitch HOT technologies development at Lynred

Scaling infrared detectors—status and outlook

Simulation and Characterization of the Modulation Transfer Function in Fully Delineated Type-II Superlattices Infrared Detectors

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