“…The 4D-MIMO radar sensor was modelled and simulated using Ansys' High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR+) solver [36], [45], [46]. HFSS SBR+ is an asymptotic electromagnetic solver that is well suited to solve electrically large problems.…”
Section: Simulation Setup and Post Processing Workflow A Simulation T...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These GO rays are vector-weighted using the radiation pattern of the transmitting antenna. To ensure energy conservation, each ray is associated with a ray tube [36]. The launched and weighted GO rays are used to ''paint'' and propagate PO currents on the CAD representing the scene [20], [36], [39].…”
Section: Simulation Setup and Post Processing Workflow A Simulation T...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To ensure energy conservation, each ray is associated with a ray tube [36]. The launched and weighted GO rays are used to ''paint'' and propagate PO currents on the CAD representing the scene [20], [36], [39]. The PO currents are then re-radiated with the resulting fields contributing to the scattered field.…”
Section: Simulation Setup and Post Processing Workflow A Simulation T...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Simulation has emerged as an alternative way of obtaining synthetic radar returns for developing signal processing methods and detection algorithms [20], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]. A reason for this is that, unlike measurement, simulation is cheaper and less time consuming.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, the use of full wave methods such as finite element method (FEM) becomes highly inefficient, if not impossible. Ray-tracing, asymptotic techniques employing different implementations of the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method have been used to address this challenge [20], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]. A facet-based, hybrid simulation was conducted in [31] to determine the impact of multipath propagation on the radar cross section of low-flying targets in a maritime scene.…”
Radar has emerged as a core sensing technology for many active-safety and comfort related advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) being deployed in today's vehicles. Using radar technology, the ego vehicle can simultaneously detect the range and velocity of multiple targets. With multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) arrays, it is also possible to detect the angle of arrival of targets in azimuth and elevation. 4D automotive radar sensors can determine the range, velocity, azimuth and elevation anglesof-arrival (AoA) of targets in a traffic scene. Currently, radar-returns from traffic scenes have been mainly obtained through measurement. While measurement is valuable, it can be costly, time consuming, restrictive due to practicality issues and also unsafe in some corner-case traffic scenarios. Simulation has emerged as a potential alternative source of synthetic radar-returns that can be used to develop, test and refine signal processing techniques and detection algorithms. A key challenge in simulation has been to retain an accurate representation of actors in full-scale traffic scenes while still being able to solve electrically large problems efficiently. The introduction of MIMO arrays further increases the complexity and computational load demands of such simulations. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient, high fidelity, physics-based simulation workflow for a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-waveform (FMCW)based, 512-channel MIMO radar sensor. We demonstrate how the synthetic radar returns obtained from full-scale traffic scene simulations can be used to create 4D-radar point clouds. The accuracy of the synthetic radar returns is then evaluated by overlaying the resulting 4D-radar point clouds on 4 corresponding full-scale traffic scenes with varying levels of complexity. Results from this study demonstrate how accurate radar returns obtained from simulation can be used to develop next-generation radar sensors for autonomous vehicles.
“…The 4D-MIMO radar sensor was modelled and simulated using Ansys' High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR+) solver [36], [45], [46]. HFSS SBR+ is an asymptotic electromagnetic solver that is well suited to solve electrically large problems.…”
Section: Simulation Setup and Post Processing Workflow A Simulation T...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These GO rays are vector-weighted using the radiation pattern of the transmitting antenna. To ensure energy conservation, each ray is associated with a ray tube [36]. The launched and weighted GO rays are used to ''paint'' and propagate PO currents on the CAD representing the scene [20], [36], [39].…”
Section: Simulation Setup and Post Processing Workflow A Simulation T...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To ensure energy conservation, each ray is associated with a ray tube [36]. The launched and weighted GO rays are used to ''paint'' and propagate PO currents on the CAD representing the scene [20], [36], [39]. The PO currents are then re-radiated with the resulting fields contributing to the scattered field.…”
Section: Simulation Setup and Post Processing Workflow A Simulation T...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Simulation has emerged as an alternative way of obtaining synthetic radar returns for developing signal processing methods and detection algorithms [20], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]. A reason for this is that, unlike measurement, simulation is cheaper and less time consuming.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, the use of full wave methods such as finite element method (FEM) becomes highly inefficient, if not impossible. Ray-tracing, asymptotic techniques employing different implementations of the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method have been used to address this challenge [20], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]. A facet-based, hybrid simulation was conducted in [31] to determine the impact of multipath propagation on the radar cross section of low-flying targets in a maritime scene.…”
Radar has emerged as a core sensing technology for many active-safety and comfort related advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) being deployed in today's vehicles. Using radar technology, the ego vehicle can simultaneously detect the range and velocity of multiple targets. With multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) arrays, it is also possible to detect the angle of arrival of targets in azimuth and elevation. 4D automotive radar sensors can determine the range, velocity, azimuth and elevation anglesof-arrival (AoA) of targets in a traffic scene. Currently, radar-returns from traffic scenes have been mainly obtained through measurement. While measurement is valuable, it can be costly, time consuming, restrictive due to practicality issues and also unsafe in some corner-case traffic scenarios. Simulation has emerged as a potential alternative source of synthetic radar-returns that can be used to develop, test and refine signal processing techniques and detection algorithms. A key challenge in simulation has been to retain an accurate representation of actors in full-scale traffic scenes while still being able to solve electrically large problems efficiently. The introduction of MIMO arrays further increases the complexity and computational load demands of such simulations. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient, high fidelity, physics-based simulation workflow for a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-waveform (FMCW)based, 512-channel MIMO radar sensor. We demonstrate how the synthetic radar returns obtained from full-scale traffic scene simulations can be used to create 4D-radar point clouds. The accuracy of the synthetic radar returns is then evaluated by overlaying the resulting 4D-radar point clouds on 4 corresponding full-scale traffic scenes with varying levels of complexity. Results from this study demonstrate how accurate radar returns obtained from simulation can be used to develop next-generation radar sensors for autonomous vehicles.
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