Random and Adversarial Bit Error Robustness: Energy-Efficient and Secure DNN Accelerators

Abstract

Deep neural network (DNN) accelerators received considerable attention in recent years due to the potential to save energy compared to mainstream hardware. Low-voltage operation of DNN accelerators allows to further reduce energy consumption significantly, however, causes bit-level failures in the memory storing the quantized DNN weights. Furthermore, DNN accelerators have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks on voltage controllers or individual bits. In this paper, we show that a combination of robust fixed-point quantization, weight clipping, as well as random bit error training (RANDBET) or adversarial bit error training (ADVBET) improves robustness against random or adversarial bit errors in quantized DNN weights significantly. This leads not only to high energy savings for low-voltage operation as well as low-precision quantization, but also improves security of DNN accelerators. Our approach generalizes across operating voltages and accelerators, as demonstrated on bit errors from profiled SRAM arrays, and achieves robustness against both targeted and untargeted bit-level attacks. Without losing more than 0.8%/2% in test accuracy, we can reduce energy consumption on CIFAR10 by 20%/30% for 8/4-bit quantization using RANDBET. Allowing up to 320 adversarial bit errors, ADVBET reduces test error from above 90% (chance level) to 26.22% on CIFAR10.

Versatile Weight Attack via Flipping Limited Bits

“…Previous studies [20], [53] observed that increasing the network capacity can improve the robustness against the bit-flip based attack. Moreover, the training strategies in [53], [54], [55], [56] can improve the robustness of the model parameters. There exist other works considering defense in the inference stage, such as weight reconstruction-based defense [57], detectionbased defense [58], [59], and Error Correction Codes (ECC)-based defense [60], [61].…”