Ranavirus Replication: Molecular, Cellular, and Immunological Events

Jancovich, James K.; Qin, Qiwei; Zhang, Qi-Ya; Chinchar, V. Gregory

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13755-1_5

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Larvae and recently metamorphosed individuals are more frequently reported in mortality events than adults (Brunner, Storfer, Gray, & Hoverman, 2015;Duffus et al, 2015). Ranavirus can lead to host mortality by initiating cell death within the liver, kidney, and spleen (Gray, Miller, & Hoverman, 2009;Jancovich, Qin, Zhang, & Chinchar, 2015). Wood frogs are one of the most susceptible amphibian species to ranavirus (Hoverman, Gray, Haislip, & Miller, 2011).…”

Section: Model Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolved pesticide tolerance influences susceptibility to parasites in amphibians

Hua

Wuerthner

Jones

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

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Because ecosystems throughout the globe are contaminated with pesticides, there is a need to understand how natural populations cope with pesticides and the implications for ecological interactions. From an evolutionary perspective, there is evidence that pesticide tolerance can be achieved via two mechanisms: selection for constitutive tolerance over multiple generations or by inducing tolerance within a single generation via phenotypic plasticity. While both mechanisms can allow organisms to persist in contaminated environments, they might result in different performance trade‐offs including population susceptibility to parasites. We have identified 15 wood frog populations that exist along a gradient from close to agriculture and high, constitutive pesticide tolerance to far from agriculture and inducible pesticide tolerance. Using these populations, we investigated the relationship between evolutionary responses to the common insecticide carbaryl and host susceptibility to the trematode Echinoparyphium lineage 3 and ranavirus using laboratory exposure assays. For Echinoparyphium, we discovered that wood frog populations living closer to agriculture with high, constitutive tolerance experienced lower loads than populations living far from agriculture with inducible pesticide tolerance. For ranavirus, we found no relationship between the mechanism of evolved pesticide tolerance and survival, but populations living closer to agriculture with high, constitutive tolerance experienced higher viral loads than populations far from agriculture with inducible tolerance. Land use and mechanisms of evolved pesticide tolerance were associated with susceptibility to parasites, but the direction of the relationship is dependent on the type of parasite, underscoring the complexity between land use and disease outcomes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that evolved pesticide tolerance can indirectly influence host–parasite interactions and underscores the importance of including evolutionary processes in ecotoxicological studies.

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Section: Model Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolved pesticide tolerance influences susceptibility to parasites in amphibians

Hua

Wuerthner

Jones

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

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“…Members in this genus can be single or multi-host pathogens (Jancovich et al, 2001; Schock et al, 2008; Schock et al, 2009) and this group of viruses are now considered an emerging infectious disease (Chinchar, 2002; Tompkins et al, 2015). Ranaviruses have unit length genomes between 105 and 155 kbp in length and encode approximately 90–160 open reading frames (ORFs) or genes (Jancovich et al, 2015a). To that end, the function of about half of the ORFs encoded by ranaviruses are either known (e.g., the major capsid protein) or inferred (e.g., the viral subunits of RNA polymerase II) based on either experimental information or homology to other related viral proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of essential and non-essential genes in Ambystoma tigrinum virus

et al. 2016

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Members of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) are large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that are found world-wide infecting fish, amphibian and reptile ectothermic hosts. Ranavirus genomes range from 105 – 155 kbp in length and they are predicted to encode around 90–160 genes. Currently, our knowledge of the function of ~50% of these genes is known or inferred based on homology to orthologous genes characterized in other systems; however, the function of the remaining open reading frames (ORFS) is unknown. Therefore, in order to begin to uncover the function of unknown ORFs in ranaviruses we developed a standardized approach to generate a recombination cassette for any ORF in Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). Our standardized approach quickly and efficiently assembles recombination cassettes and recombinant ATV. We have used this approach to identify two essential, one semi-essential and two non-essential genes in ATV.

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“…In addition, levels of gene expression from virus may be different than ectopically expressed from a plasmid. Ectopic expression is a useful tool to understand gene function and some ranavirus proteins must be characterized in this manner as essential and semi-essential viral proteins are unable to be deleted from the virus and subsequently characterized (Aron et al, 2016; Jancovich et al, 2015a; Robert and Jancovich, 2016). Therefore, ectopic expression is a useful tool to help characterize the function of ranavirus proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genomic sequencing of ATV revealed a number of genes that may enhance viral pathogenesis based on homology to other known proteins (Jancovich et al, 2003). One such protein, the ATV ribonuclease (RNase) III-like gene [open reading frame (ORF) 25R], has been hypothesized to modulate the host immune response by processing RNA (Grayfer et al, 2015; Jancovich et al, 2015a). The RNase III gene is one of 26 conserved core genes among members of the family Iridoviridae supporting the notion that this gene plays an important role in viral infection (Eaton et al, 2007; Jancovich et al, 2015a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One such protein, the ATV ribonuclease (RNase) III-like gene [open reading frame (ORF) 25R], has been hypothesized to modulate the host immune response by processing RNA (Grayfer et al, 2015; Jancovich et al, 2015a). The RNase III gene is one of 26 conserved core genes among members of the family Iridoviridae supporting the notion that this gene plays an important role in viral infection (Eaton et al, 2007; Jancovich et al, 2015a). In addition, this ATV protein is homologous to other characterized RNase III proteins such as the Escherichia coli RNase III protein (Fig 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) RNase III gene can modulate host PKR activation and interferon production

et al. 2017

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The iridovirus RNase III gene is one of 26 conserved core genes among the family Iridoviridae. Initial studies suggest this viral protein functions to suppress RNA interference pathways that may attack viral RNA during infection. Therefore, to determine if the Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) RNase III-like gene (ORF 25R) can modulate the host innate immune response fish and human cells ectopically expressing 25R were treated with polyI:C and monitored for interferon synthesis and phosphorylation of eIF2α and PKR. We found a decrease in cellular IFN production and modulation of the PKR pathway. In addition, ATV deleted of the RNase III gene (ATVΔ25R) shows reduced pathogenicity in tiger salamanders. Collectively our data suggest that the ATV 25R protein is a pathogenesis factor that may function to help evade the host’s immune response by masking activators of the IFN pathway.

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Ranavirus Replication: Molecular, Cellular, and Immunological Events

Cited by 25 publications

References 161 publications

Evolved pesticide tolerance influences susceptibility to parasites in amphibians

Evolved pesticide tolerance influences susceptibility to parasites in amphibians

Identification of essential and non-essential genes in Ambystoma tigrinum virus

The Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV) RNase III gene can modulate host PKR activation and interferon production

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