Raman spectroscopy of urinary extracellular vesicles to stratify patients with chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes

The Potential Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Kidney Diseases

“…The bands originating from tryptophan T (746–775 cm −1 ), phenylalanine P (995–1011 cm −1 ), and amide I (1629–1709 cm −1 ), which were positive peaks in the PC1 loading plot, made the greatest contributions to the discrimination of the studied groups. The bands derived from proteins and lipids were negative peaks in the PC1 loading plot: C–N stretching (1115–1143 cm −1 ), C–H bending (1404–1503 cm −1 ), and lipids (1282–1305 cm −1 ) [ 91 ]. Following the calculation of variable importance in projection values using the PLS model, the following ranges were considered for further analysis: protein bands (746–775 cm −1 and 995–1011 cm −1 ), lipid bands (1055–1070 cm −1 , 1282–1305 cm −1 , 1429–1448 cm −1 , and 1710–1774 cm −1 ), and protein and lipid bands (1115–1143 cm −1 and 1661–1699 cm −1 ) [ 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ].…”

“…These findings show that the protein and lipid components of urinary extracellular vesicles change with CKD stage. In the future, Raman spectral signatures of urinary extracellular vesicles could represent a reliable and precise method for stratifying CKD patients and possibly evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological treatments [ 91 ].…”

Radiovesicolomics-new approach in medical imaging

“…Circulation EVs are present in all body fluids to offer a high level of sensitivity and specificity of the noninvasive medical procedure through the collection of body fluid samples such as blood or urine (Stępień et al, 2012;Stępień et al, 2020). EVs were proposed as biomarkers in such diseases as diabetes (Tokarz et al, 2015(Tokarz et al, , 2019Alexandru et al, 2016;Stępień et al, 2018;Kamińska et al, 2022;Roman et al, 2019), cardiovascular diseases including stroke (Lee et al, 1993;Lundström at al., 2020), myocardial infarction (Stępień et al, 2012;Burrello et al, 2020)…”

“…Circulation EVs are present in all body fluids to offer a high level of sensitivity and specificity of the non-invasive medical procedure through the collection of body fluid samples such as blood or urine ( Stępień et al, 2012 ; Stępień et al, 2020 ). EVs were proposed as biomarkers in such diseases as diabetes ( Tokarz et al, 2015 , 2019 ; Alexandru et al, 2016 ; Stępień et al, 2018 ; Kamińska et al, 2022 ; Roman et al, 2019 ), cardiovascular diseases including stroke ( Lee et al, 1993 ; Lundström at al., 2020 ), myocardial infarction ( Stępień et al, 2012 ; Burrello et al, 2020 ), atherosclerosis and stable coronary artery disease ( Chyrchel et al, 2019 ; Gkaliagkousi et al, 2021 ). The uniqueness of EVs in terms of their molecular composition has become a great promise to be explored as a new source of biomarkers in liquid biopsy, which was recognized in cancer diagnostics ( Surman et al, 2018 ; Möller and Lobb, 2020 ; Stępień et al, 2021a ).…”

“…To lower the cost of treating diabetic complications, new and sensitive biomarkers are needed to accelerate the diagnosis process and allow for the elimination of diabetic complications at the early stage of the disease. To this end, EVs appear to be an ideal biomarker demonstrating their characteristic molecular profile, including miRNA, proteins, lipids and metabolites ( Tataruch-Weinert et al, 2016 ; Kamińska et al, 2021 ; Kamińska et al, 2022 ) ( Figure 3 ). There is lack of imaging studies using EVs in the course of diabetes as a carrier of radionuclides and the development of safe and efficacious delivery strategies for EVs in diabetes therapies is still the unmet need in theranostics ( Li et al, 2022 ).…”