Raman spectroscopy of fullerenes and fullerene–nanotube composites

Kuzmany, H.; Pfeiffer, R.; Hulman, Martin; Kramberger, Christian

doi:10.1098/rsta.2004.1446

Cited by 145 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…We know that monomeric C 60 s may possibly rotate uniaxially around the tube axis, but such uniaxial rotation should be difficult, if not impossible, for a long chain of polymeric C 60 . For dimers uniaxial rotation might still be possible, but because The calculated total energy of rotating C 60 in SWNTs with different diameters, (9,9), (10,10), and (11,11). iv: A rotating path that covers all of the three orientations mentioned in the text; rotation from c to a to b corresponding to the horizontal axis in the energy spectra (i, ii , iii).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Zou

Liu

Wang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Peapods present a model system for studying the properties of dimensionally constrained crystal structures, whose dynamical properties are very important. We have recently studied the rotational dynamics of C 60 molecules confined inside single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) by analyzing the intermediate frequency mode lattice vibrations using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. The rotation of C 60 was tuned to a known state by applying high pressure, at which condition C60 first forms dimers at low pressure and then forms a single-chain, nonrotating, polymer structure at high pressure. In the latter state the molecules form chains with a 2-fold symmetry. We propose that the C 60 molecules in SWNT exhibit an unusual type of ratcheted rotation due to the interaction between C 60 and SWNT in the ''hexagon orientation,'' and the characteristic vibrations of ratcheted rotation becomes more obvious with decreasing temperature. molecular rotation ͉ peapods B ecause of its high symmetry and relatively weak intermolecular interactions, the fullerene C 60 presents a nearly ideal system for studying different crystal structures possible in onedimensionally constrained nanostructure systems, such as C 60 peapods [C 60 molecules inserted into single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)] (1). Such nanostructures are emerging as a class of nanoscale materials with tunable mechanical, electronic, thermal, and optical properties (2, 3). In contrast to bulk C 60 crystals, C 60 inserted in SWNTs form monomeric linear chains in which each C 60 has only two nearest neighbors, as compared to 12 neighbors in crystalline bulk C 60 (4). As a result the intermolecular interactions in these self-assembled carbon nanostructures and the dynamic behavior of the encapsulated molecules are expected to be different from those in solid fullerenes. It is well known that the solid C 60 crystallizes into a face centered cubic structure at room temperature, and the molecules perform nearly free rotations (5). For the peapods, recent theoretical simulations suggest that the C 60 s have two different orientations with low potential energy when they are trapped into SWNTs, the pentagonal and hexagonal orientations (6-8) with a pentagon and a hexagon perpendicular to the tube axis, respectively. Very recent experimental studies on peapods by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) suggest that the linear arrays of C 60 molecules still rotate inside SWNTs at room temperature, either showing quasi-free rotation or being dynamically disordered with high orientational mobility (9, 10). However, how the C 60 molecules rotate inside SWNTs, especially at room temperature, is still an interesting open question. It is not only necessary to search another effective experimental method to study the possible rotation of confined C 60 in detail, but also very important to study the rotation from a different perspective. Considering that C 60 rotates down to very low temperature, it would be helpful to employ other techniques to change the r...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raman spectroscopy is a valuable technique for investigating the vibrational properties of C 60 inside SWNT (11,12). In particular, intermediate frequency modes (IFM) are very closely related with the orientational state of C 60 (13), providing an approach to study the dynamics of rotation of C 60 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Zou

Liu

Wang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Raman spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools developed for the structural characterization of carbon based materials, such as diamond, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, graphene and graphite etc [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In particular, it can distinguish the type (multiwall, metal or semiconducting single-wall) of CNTs based on the low-frequency radial breathing modes (RBMs) and the unique profile or line-shape of split G bands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directly observable G band splitting in Raman spectra from individual tubular graphite cones

Shang

Silva

Jiang

et al. 2011

Carbon

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“…According to [21,22] the first band corresponds to H g (7) mode, whereas the second to A g (2) mode.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of Ni-C films obtained in PVD/CVD process

Kęczkowska

2011

Open Physics

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Abstract:The work presents the results of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectrometry studies of carbonaceous nanostructures containing nickel nanocrystallites. The films were obtained using a twostep method. In the first phase the Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) method was applied, whereas in the second Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) method was used. The paper presents results for samples with various Ni content obtained with different parameters of the two-phase technological process. The research confirms that the thin films obtained by PVD method contain Ni nanocrystallites distributed in a carbonaceous matrix. The matrix is composed of various carbon allotropes (amorphous carbon, graphite, fullerene). The thin films made by CVD method make a matrix when multiwalled, carbonaceous nanotubes are obtained. Depending on the technological process parameters of each phase, we obtain multiwall nanotubes with a various degree of defects. PACS (

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Raman spectroscopy of fullerenes and fullerene–nanotube composites

Cited by 145 publications

References 70 publications

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Directly observable G band splitting in Raman spectra from individual tubular graphite cones

Characterisation of Ni-C films obtained in PVD/CVD process

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Raman spectroscopy of fullerenes and fullerene–nanotube composites

Cited by 145 publications

References 70 publications

Rotational dynamics of confined C 60 from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Rotational dynamics of confined C 60 from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Directly observable G band splitting in Raman spectra from individual tubular graphite cones

Characterisation of Ni-C films obtained in PVD/CVD process

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Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure