Raman spectroscopy for the detection of organ distribution and clearance of PEGylated reduced graphene oxide and biological consequences

Syama, S.; Paul, Willi; Sabareeswaran, A; Mohanan, P.V.

doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.043

Cited by 47 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Previous reports showed that the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney, but not the heart, were among the main target organs for GO toxicity. 34,35 In the current study, GONs also accumulated in the serosa of intestinal tissue. The study conducted by Kurantowicz et al 36 revealed that GO after intraperitoneal injections in rats formed aggregates in the stomach serous membrane, among mesentery, and in near distance to spleen serosa.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application

Amrollahi-Sharifabadi

Koohi

Zayerzadeh³

et al. 2018

IJN

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BackgroundGraphene is considered as a wonder material; it is the strongest material on the planet, super-elastic, and conductive. Its application in biomedicine is huge, with a multibillion-dollar industry, and will revolutionize the diagnostic and treatment of diseases. However, its safety and potential toxicity is the main challenge.MethodsThis study assessed the potential toxicity of graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONs) in an in vivo animal model using systemic, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Normal saline (control group) or GONs (3–6 layers, lateral dimension=5–10 μm, and thickness=0.8–2 nm) at dose rate of 50, 150, or 500 mg/kg were intraperitoneally injected into adult male Wistar rats (n=5) every 48 hours during 1 week to receive each animal a total of four doses. The animals were allowed 2 weeks to recover after the last dosing. Then, animals were killed and the blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. The organs including the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, intestine, brain, and heart were harvested for histopathological evaluations.ResultsThe results showed GONs prevented body weight gain in animals after 21 days, treated at 500 mg/kg, but not in the animals treated at 150 or 50 mg/kg GONs. The biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in total bilirubin, with a significant decrease in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein in animals treated at 500 mg/kg. Nonetheless, other hematological and biochemical parameters remained statistically insignificant in all GONs treated animals. The most common histopathological findings in the visceral organs were granulomatous reaction with giant cell formation and accumulation of GONs in capsular regions. Also, small foci of neuronal degeneration and necrosis were the most outstanding findings in the brain, including the cerebellum.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study shows that GONs without functionalization are toxic. The future study is a comparison of the functionalized with non-functionalized GONs.

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supporting

confidence: 56%

In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application

Amrollahi-Sharifabadi

Koohi

Zayerzadeh³

et al. 2018

IJN

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“…Repeated administration of PEGylated rGO could cause severe liver injury, congestion in kidney and enhanced proliferation of splenocytes ( Fig. 5(b)) [122]. Moreover, a carboxylated photoluminescent GQD prepared from carbon fiber show no acute toxicity or morphological changes, most of which accumulated in liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and tumor sites at 24 h after intravenous injection [123].…”

Section: Graphene In Organsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Graphene-based nanomaterials in biosystems

Lü

Wang

et al. 2018

Nano Res.

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Graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as a novel type of materials with exceptional physicochemical properties and numerous applications in various areas. In this review, we summarize recent advances in studying interactions between graphene and biosystems. We first provide a brief introduction on graphene and its derivatives, and then discuss on the toxicology and biocompatibility of graphene, including the extracellular interactions between graphene and biomacromolecules, cellular studies of graphene, and in vivo toxicological effects. Next, we focus on various graphene-based practical applications in antibacterial materials, wound addressing, drug delivery, and water purification. We finally present perspectives on challenges and future developments in these exciting fields.

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“…Syama et al administrated PrGO (rGO-PEG) with a dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight into Swiss Albino mice through intraperitoneal and intravenous injections for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days [ 136 ]. Confocal Raman microscopy was used to analyze the biodistribution of PrGO.…”

Section: Cell Viability and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High levels of ROS and MDA due to lipid peroxidation were responsible for the brain and kidney damages [ 23 ]. Syama et al also demonstrated that injection routes also affect the translocation of PrGO in mice organs [ 136 ]. PrGO injected intravenously translocated from the blood circulatory system into liver and spleen after three days.…”

Section: Cell Viability and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More systematic studies of toxicity versus biocompatibility issues, especially in animal models, are needed to understand the biological effects and the safety of graphene nanomaterials to humans [ 138 ]. From the in vivo animal studies, ROS and oxidative stress appear to be the key factors in causing cell membrane damage upon exposure to GOs [ 23 , 136 , 137 ]. As is known, elevated ROS levels can disrupt lipids, proteins, and DNA, resulting in the membrane damage and eventual cell death [ 139 ].…”

Section: Cell Viability and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity

Liao

Tjong

2018

IJMS

343

272

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Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide have been widely considered as promising candidates for industrial and biomedical applications due to their exceptionally high mechanical stiffness and strength, excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transparency, and good biocompatibility. In this article, we reviewed several techniques that are available for the synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials, and discussed the biocompatibility and toxicity of such nanomaterials upon exposure to mammalian cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Various synthesis strategies have been developed for their fabrication, generating graphene nanomaterials with different chemical and physical properties. As such, their interactions with cells and organs are altered accordingly. Conflicting results relating biocompatibility and cytotoxicity induced by graphene nanomaterials have been reported in the literature. In particular, graphene nanomaterials that are used for in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models may contain toxic chemical residuals, thereby interfering graphene-cell interactions and complicating interpretation of experimental results. Synthesized techniques, such as liquid phase exfoliation and wet chemical oxidation, often required toxic organic solvents, surfactants, strong acids, and oxidants for exfoliating graphite flakes. Those organic molecules and inorganic impurities that are retained in final graphene products can interact with biological cells and tissues, inducing toxicity or causing cell death eventually. The residual contaminants can cause a higher risk of graphene-induced toxicity in biological cells. This adverse effect may be partly responsible for the discrepancies between various studies in the literature.

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Raman spectroscopy for the detection of organ distribution and clearance of PEGylated reduced graphene oxide and biological consequences

Cited by 47 publications

References 29 publications

In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application

In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application

Graphene-based nanomaterials in biosystems

Graphene Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Biocompatibility, and Cytotoxicity

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