Raman Spectroscopy-Based Creatinine Measurement in Urine Samples from a Multipatient Population

Abstract

Spectroscopic methods of urinalysis offer several advantages over chemical methods, including less sample contact and higher information content. In particular, urine creatinine has been the subject of several spectroscopic studies. We report the first use of Raman spectroscopy to measure creatinine concentrations in unaltered urine samples from a multipatient population. Using near-infrared excitation and a hybrid linear analysis calibration method, a root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 4.9 mg/dL was obtained. The error in the reference chemical method was 1.1 mg/dL. This result shows that the Raman spectroscopy can measure creatinine at clinical levels even in the presence of patient-to-patient variations. Because most assays in urine require creatinine concentration in order to correct for fluctuations in water content, measurement of creatinine is the first step towards more extensive Raman-based urinalysis.

Correlating the amount of urea, creatinine, and glucose in urine from patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension with the risk of developing renal lesions by means of Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis

“…[11][12][13][14] Using dispersive or FourierTransform Raman techniques in the near-infrared spectrum, there is no need for additional chemical steps for analysis (separation, dilution, or mixture of other reagents) and may prove superior to current methods of testing urine, 11,12 nondestructively. Biochemical assays based on Raman spectroscopy could be used for testing body fluids such as blood, blood components, and metabolites in the serum for doping control, 15 detecting antibodies in cat's serum, 16 and even monitoring heparin levels in blood during surgeries.…”

“…The urine test provides diagnostic information about metabolic diseases (diabetes), urinary tract infections, and other diseases. 19 McMurdy and Berger 13 reported the first use of Raman spectroscopy to measure creatinine concentrations in unaltered urine samples from a multipatient population, with error of cross-validation of 4.9 mg∕dL, compared to the error of the reference chemical method which was 1.1 mg∕dL. Premasiri et al 12 used Raman spectroscopy and surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to analyze the components present in human urine such as total nitrogen compounds, urea, creatinine, and rate of excretion (urea/creatinine).…”

“…The main advantages of Raman spectroscopy in detecting changes of urea and creatinine concentrations rely in the fact that urine sample can be evaluated in real time, 13 rapidly and without need of reagents when compared to standard biochemical assay methods, so the analysis could be done in each sample collected along the day and even in a single collection analysis, bringing comfort to the patient and perhaps accuracy to the results.…”

Vibrational spectroscopy of biofluids for disease screening or diagnosis: translation from the laboratory to a clinical setting

“…This enables analysis to be done in each sample collected during the day, increasing the ease of analysis and patient comfort both of which may lead to more accurate results [79]. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be applicable to this with studies now available suggesting a role in the detection of biomarkers in the urine of diabetic patients with renal impairment that may lead to earlier diagnosis of this complication and better management [80].…”

Measurement of Glucose and Protein in Urine Using Absorption Spectroscopy Under the Influence of Other Substances

“…예를 들면 라만 분광학을 이용하여 요산 [9] 이나 크레아티닌의 농도를 예측하 였으며 [10] , 양성자 MRI를 이용하여 아미노산, 케톤, 유산염 (lactate)나 글루코즈 같은 신진대사 변화를 연구하기도 하였 다. [11] 적혈구나 빌리루빈의 경우에는 소변시료의 경우는 아니지 만 가시광선 대역의 흡수대역이 분명하여 이미 분광학을 이 용한 측정 연구가 소개되었다.…”