Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic technique for endometriosis

Abstract

Endometriosis is a condition in which the endometrium, the layer of tissue that usually covers the inside of the uterus, grows outside the uterus. One of its severe effects is sub-fertility. The exact reason for endometriosis is still unknown and under investigation. Tracking the symptoms is not sufficient for diagnosing the disease. A successful diagnosis can only be made using laparoscopy. During the disease, the amount of some molecules (i.e., proteins, antigens) changes in the blood. Raman spectroscopy provides information about biochemicals without using dyes or external labels. In this study, Raman spectroscopy is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method for endometriosis. The Raman spectra of 94 serum samples acquired from 49 patients and 45 healthy individuals were compared for this study. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), k- Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used in the analysis. According to the results (using 80 measurements for training and 14 measurements for the test set), it was found that kNN-weighted gave the best classification model with sensitivity and specificity values of 80.5% and 89.7%, respectively. Testing the model with unseen data yielded a sensitivity value of 100% and a specificity value of 100%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which Raman spectroscopy was used in combination with PCA and classification algorithms as a non-invasive method applied on blood sera for the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Preoperative and Intraoperative Methods of Parathyroid Gland Localization and the Diagnosis of Parathyroid Adenomas

“…After that, the Raman effect was particularly useful for medical applications because the scattered radiation measured is unique for each biomolecule [108]. Since that time, Raman spectroscopy has been applied in skin cancer margin assessment, diagnosis of endometriosis, differentiation between tumor and normal brain tissues, or between parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasia [46,[109][110][111]. In this method, the frequency of a molecule, either vibrational or rotational can be changed with the use of laser light.…”

Laparoscopic Peritoneal Wash Cytology-Derived Primary Human Mesothelial Cells for In Vitro Cell Culture and Simulation of Human Peritoneum

“…Compared to previous studies mostly using brightfield and IF-microscopy, the multiparametric Raman imaging is of great advantage to simultaneously determine morphological and functional characteristics in living and cryofixed tissue. Previously, Parlatan et al in 2019 evaluated Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for peritoneal endometriosis [53]. In 2016, Gaifulina et al characterized the mesothelial cell layer of visceral peritoneum mainly by defining connective tissue (collagen) and nuclei [54].…”

An efficient primary screening of COVID‐19 by serum Raman spectroscopy

“…Because it is a simple process of sample preparation and it is free of sample loss, Raman spectroscopy is highly recommended for diagnosing a diverse range of diseases, including dengue fever, hepatitis C virus, cancer, HIV, Alzheimer's disease, and endometriosis. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Raman can also be used to detect RNA viruses. [17] In this study, we screen the serum from COVID-19 patients, suspected cases, and healthy patients (control) by Raman spectroscopy to evaluate its detection capability.…”