“…Detailed studies by Ozaki group led to a deeper understanding of lens aging and cataract formation through lens hydration, intermolecular disulfide bridge formation and micro environment change of tyrosine residues in lens protein. [56][57][58][59][60][61] Raman spectroscopy has been successfully employed to both in vivo and in vitro, and one can easily find its application in various fields of medicine including pathology, 62,63 physiology, 64 virology, 65 urology, 66,67 and dentistry. [68][69][70] Either by using cells, dissected tissues or real time monitoring during surgery, researchers have demonstrated the utility of Raman spectroscopy, particularly in cancers related to brain, 71,72 83,84 Additionally, by analyzing biofluids such as blood and urine, non-invasive diagnostic assays are also being actively developed for many diseases such as diabetes (glucose level monitoring), 85,86 cancer, 87,88 asthma, 89 and malaria.…”