Raman spectroscopic characterization of graphites: A re-evaluation of spectra/ structure correlation

Nikiel, L.; Jagodzinski, Paul W.

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(93)90091-n

Cited by 174 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Raman spectroscopy is a useful characterization technique for carbon materials [37][38][39]. The first-order Raman spectrum of a single crystal of graphite exhibits a sharp peak at 1,582 cm -1 , which corresponds to the E 2g vibration mode (C-C vibration in the aromatic layers), is often referred as the G peak.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of carbonization atmosphere on the structure changes of PAN carbon membranes

et al. 2008

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PAN carbon membranes were prepared by carbonizing the initial PAN membranes in vacuum and Ar at different temperatures. FTIR, Raman and XRD were applied to study the influence of carbonization atmosphere on the structure changes of PAN carbon membranes. The variations in adsorption peaks of FTIR, the intensity, position and FWHM of the Raman peaks, and microcrystallite parameters from XRD (e.g., d 002 , Lc and La) are correlated with the structure change of PAN carbon membranes. Analyses results reveal that vacuum atmosphere can produce PAN carbon membranes with higher order degree than those in Ar atmosphere, although the structures of PAN carbon membranes prepared in the two atmospheres are both amorphous. In addition, vacuum atmosphere can significantly accelerate the degradation reaction of PAN membranes and favors the preparation of carbon membranes with smaller pore size.

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Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of carbonization atmosphere on the structure changes of PAN carbon membranes

et al. 2008

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“…However, such a relation has been shown to yield an underestimate in L a for the case of nuclear-grade graphite. 16 This analysis was not applied to PPP-700, since the peaks observed in the Raman spectrum for this sample are influenced by the characteristics of the precursor more than by those of a typical graphitic material. In fact, a more careful study reveals that much of the peak intensities observed for PPP-700 arises from several A g modes of a highly disordered PPP molecular crystal.…”

Section: A 44åmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of polyparaphenylene (PPP)-based carbons

et al. 1996

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Polyparaphenylene (PPP)-based carbons heat-treated at temperatures ͑T HT ͒ from 600 ± C up to 3000 ± C have been characterized both structurally and in terms of their physical properties. Special attention is given to PPP heat-treated at 700 ± C (denoted by PPP-700), since samples heat-treated to this temperature were observed to have exceptionally high lithium affinities when electrochemically doped with Li. At low T HT below 700 ± C, it is found that the local structure of PPP-based samples can be characterized mostly in terms of a disordered polymer. As a result of heat treatment to high temperature, PPP-based carbon shows graphitization behavior with regard to x-ray diffraction d 002 (graphite c-axis d-spacing) development and to the increase of the Raman I G ͞I D intensity ratio (where I G and I D are the integrated intensities of the 1580 cm 21 and 1360 cm 21 Raman modes, respectively), as is found in so-called graphitizing carbons. However, development of the c-axis crystallite size ͑L c ͒ is restricted to very small values, in the range of so-called nongraphitizing carbons, while the a-axis crystallite size ͑L a ͒ attains values up to roughly 120Å for heat treatments near 3000 ± C. These structural properties of PPP-based carbons are consistent with the observed electrical characteristics and their dependence on T HT . Low temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements were analyzed, along with Raman spectra, allowing for the characterization of disorder in terms of localized spin states for several heat-treated PPP samples. By interpreting the results of these various characterization techniques, we are able to present an insightful perspective on the nature of PPP-based carbons and the role of PPP-700 as an effective lithium host material for secondary battery applications.

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“…4) proved to be very similar to graphite as regards to band positions (G*, D1) and eventually showed a lower fluorescence background when single particles were measured, instead [49] to 1620 [44] D1 D A 1g [40,53,56] ; edge effects as oxides or C¼C bonds [37,51] ; in plane defects and heteroatoms [43,45,54,64] ; sp 3 -sp 2 carbon bonds [8] ; volatile compounds, polyenes and ions [33] From 1301 to 1317 (for a NIR/IR excitation [47,51,58] ) to 1390 [49] D2 D′, G2 E′ 2g or E 2g or oxidized sp 2 carbons [37] ; non sandwiched graphene layers [51] ; defects as imperfect graphite or disordered E 2g [33,45,53,64] ; splitting of degenerated E 2g [41] ; E 1u [56] From 1599 [51] to 1635 [15,16,33,37,38,43,45,50,[53][54][55][56][64][65][66][67][68][69] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[42] This band is also absent in highly ordered graphites. [43,45] The D1 band position is found to cover the whole range 1240 to 1400 cm À1 [46][47][48][49][50] and it shifts with the used laser wavelength. [45,49,51] Its intensity depends on the carbon type, [37] on the amount of disorder, [40] on the orientation of the crystal with respect to the laser [52] and on the measurement conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of carbon‐based black pigments

Coccato

Jehlička

Moëns

et al. 2015

J Raman Spectroscopy

179

136

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a Raman spectroscopic studies of carbonaceous materials are, until now, mainly devoted to geological and industrial materials. On the other hand, it is known from artistic literature that many varieties of carbon-based black pigments were produced and used in different places and times, and according to the artist's preferences. The ability of Raman spectroscopy to analyse particles down to 1 μm and its non-destructiveness make it an ideal tool for pigments investigation. Anyway, the discrimination among different types of carbon-based black pigments is affected by various aspects, one of which is the lack of reference spectra as well as of specific nomenclature. In this paper, reference materials have been studied by means of Raman spectroscopy to provide reference spectra. All the pigments showed two broad bands of carbon, but sometimes specific excitation conditions were required to record a good quality Raman spectrum. The obtained Raman signatures are discussed, on the basis of the specificities of the pigment (natural or artificial origin; structural implications related to the raw materials used or to production processes; etc.). Therefore, on the basis of the Raman spectra of painting materials, further knowledge can be obtained on the type of carbon-based black pigments in works of art.

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Raman spectroscopic characterization of graphites: A re-evaluation of spectra/ structure correlation

Cited by 174 publications

References 16 publications

Effect of carbonization atmosphere on the structure changes of PAN carbon membranes

Effect of carbonization atmosphere on the structure changes of PAN carbon membranes

Characterization of polyparaphenylene (PPP)-based carbons

Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of carbon‐based black pigments

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