“…The OH stretching region in particular, extending from 3000 to 3800 cm –1 , provides a direct measure of the strength of the hydrogen bond network in an aqueous system. Experimental infrared ,,,, and Raman ,− ,− ,, spectroscopic studies have been used to characterize the ice phases for decades. As condensed phase computational methods have become more sophisticated, complimentary theoretical studies have also increasingly proven invaluable in both interpreting spectra and predicting structures and electrostatic properties. ,− …”