Raman lidar measurement of water vapor and ice clouds associated with Asian dust layer over Tsukuba, Japan

Sakai, Tetsu; Nagai, Tomohiro; Nakazato, Masahisa; Matsumura, Takatsugu

doi:10.1029/2003gl019332

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The averaged extinction coefficient over the ECS (blue tracks in Figure 2A) was calculated between 25 • and 32 • N and that over the NPSG (red tracks in Figure 2A) was calculated between 13 • and 29 • N. The altitude shown in Figure 2 is the altitude above ground level (AGL). The CALIOP data showed that dust floated from near the ground to as high as 13 km AGL in the upper free troposphere, which was consistent with previous Lidar measurements at Dunhuang, China and from Japan [51][52][53].…”

Section: Satellite Observations Of the Long-range Transport Of Dust Tsupporting

confidence: 77%

Satellite-Observed Transport of Dust to the East China Sea and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Contribution of Dust to the Increase in Chlorophyll during Spring 2010

Tan

Gao

et al. 2016

Atmosphere

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Multiple data sets were combined to investigate five dust storm events over East Asia in spring 2010 and their impacts on chlorophyll in the East China Sea (ECS) and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Satellite-observed column aerosol images were able to show the spatial distribution of the transport of dust from the source regions to the two seas for some of the dust storm events. The CALIPSO satellite showed the vertical structure of dust aerosol for a greater number of dust storm events, including some weak events. This was confirmed by simulations of dust deposition and backward trajectories traced to dust source regions. The simulated dust deposition flux for five dust storms ranged from 13.0 to 145.6 mg·m −2 ·d −1 in the ECS and from 0.6 to 5.5 mg·m −2 ·d −1 in the NPSG, suggesting that the highest deposition was about one order of magnitude higher than the lowest. The estimated nutrients from dust showed that dust containing iron had the greatest effect on phytoplankton growth in both seas; the iron deposited by one dust storm event accounted for at least 5% of growth and satisfied the increase in demand required for chlorophyll a concentration.

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Section: Satellite Observations Of the Long-range Transport Of Dust Tsupporting

confidence: 77%

Satellite-Observed Transport of Dust to the East China Sea and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Contribution of Dust to the Increase in Chlorophyll during Spring 2010

Tan

Gao

et al. 2016

Atmosphere

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“…In another ground-based LIDAR study in Japan, Sakai et al (2004) describe measurements of ice production at the margins of a dry and depolarizing airmass that originated over the Gobi desert (Sakai et al, 2002); ice appears to have been first produced at ∼7.5 km altitude with RH i near or just over 100% and the temperature at the top of the ice cloud layer at ∼−35 • C, which just falls into our WARM HET cloud region (v), being too warm for the homogeneous freezing of pure water droplets and background sulphate solution droplets. The authors present evidence that moisture for the ice production was supplied by the intersection of the dry dust layer with a warm conveyor belt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cziczo et al, 2004a;Twohy and Poellot, 2005). Additionally, polarization LIDAR measurements provide further evidence for both African (Sassen et al, 2003;Ansmann et al, 2005Ansmann et al, , 2008Ansmann et al, , 2009 and Asian (Sassen, 2002(Sassen, , 2005Sakai et al, 2004) desert dust causing the glaciation of supercooled water clouds at a wide range of temperatures. In general, tropospheric ice may occur at high altitudes and low temperatures (T −40 • C) in cirrus clouds or at intermediate altitudes and temperatures (−40 • C T <0 • C) in mixed-phase clouds, which contain an external mixture of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets.…”

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confidence: 93%

The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds

Wiacek

Peter²,

Lohmann³

2010

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. This modelling study explores the availability of mineral dust particles as ice nuclei for interactions with ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds, also tracking the particles' history of cloud-processing. We performed 61 320 oneweek forward trajectory calculations originating near the surface of major dust emitting regions in Africa and Asia using high-resolution meteorological analysis fields for the year 2007. Dust-bearing trajectories were assumed to be those coinciding with known dust emission seasons, without explicitly modelling dust emission and deposition processes. We found that dust emissions from Asian deserts lead to a higher potential for interactions with high ice clouds, despite being the climatologically much smaller dust emission source. This is due to Asian regions experiencing significantly more ascent than African regions, with strongest ascent in the Asian Taklimakan desert at ∼25%, ∼40% and 10% of trajectories ascending to 300 hPa in spring, summer and fall, respectively. The specific humidity at each trajectory's starting point was transported in a Lagrangian manner and relative humidities with respect to water and ice were calculated in 6-h steps downstream, allowing us to estimate the formation of liquid, mixed-phase and ice clouds. Downstream of the investigated dust sources, practically none of the simulated air parcels reached conditions of homogeneous ice nucleation (T − 40 • C) along trajectories that have not experienced water saturation first. By far the largest fraction of cloud forming trajectories entered conditions of mixed-phase clouds, where mineral dust will potentially exert the biggest influence. The majority of trajectories also passed through atmospheric regions supersaturated with respect to ice but Correspondence to: A. Wiacek (aldona.wiacek@dal.ca) subsaturated with respect to water, where so-called "warm ice clouds" (T − 40 • C) theoretically may form prior to supercooled water or mixed-phase clouds. The importance of "warm ice clouds" and the general influence of dust in the mixed-phase cloud region are highly uncertain due to both a considerable scatter in recent laboratory data from ice nucleation experiments, which we briefly review in this work, and due to uncertainties in sub-grid scale vertical transport processes unresolved by the present trajectory analysis. For "classical" cirrus-forming temperatures (T −40 • C), our results show that only mineral dust ice nuclei that underwent mixed-phase cloud-processing, most likely acquiring coatings of organic or inorganic material, are likely to be relevant. While the potential paucity of deposition ice nuclei shown in this work dimishes the possibility of deposition nucleation, the absence of liquid water droplets at T −40 • C makes the less explored contact freezing mechanism (involving droplet collisions with bare ice nuclei) highly inefficient. These factors together indicate the necessity of further systematic studies of immersion mode ice nucleation on mineral dust suspended in atmospherically rel...

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“…Recent reports indicated that Saharan dust acts as not only IN (DeMott et al 2003;Sassen et al 2003;Cziczo et al 2004) but also CCN (Koehler et al 2007(Koehler et al , 2009Twohy et al 2009). The CCN ability of Asian mineral dust particles has not yet been studied, although it is well known that they act as IN (Isono et al 1959;Sakai et al 2004;Mohler et al 2006;Field et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CCN Ability of Asian Mineral Dust Particles and Their Effects on Cloud Droplet Formation

Yamashita¹,

Murakami²,

Hashimoto³

et al. 2011

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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To understand the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ability of Asian mineral dust particles, we investigated the activation spectrum (fraction) and the hygroscopicity parameter κ of the certified reference materials for Asian mineral dust (CAD) particles. The CAD particles were dispersed in dry conditions using a rotating brush generator and then measured with a cloud condensation nuclei counter and a condensation particle counter. The concentration ratios of CCN to condensation nuclei (CN) of the CAD particles were 0.7 at supersaturation (SS) = 0.2% and 0.8 at SS = 0.4%. This suggests that Asian mineral dust particles, by themselves, may effectively act as CCN. The mean hygroscopic parameter κ of the CAD particles estimated from the relationship between the measured critical supersaturation and dry diameter was 0.014. Using this κ-value, we simulated the change in the size distribution from CCN to droplets during adiabatic ascent by a parcel model. The simulation suggested that the CAD (low hygroscopicity) particles do not grow large enough to promote collision-coalescence in the early stage of cloud formation. The hygroscopic parameter κ of internally mixed particles of CAD and sea salt was calculated by using the κ-Köhler theory, and their activation and subsequent condensation growth processes during adiabatic ascent were also simulated with the parcel model. The simulation results suggest that the hygroscopicity of Asian mineral dust particles was considerably enhanced, and droplets activated on them grew much larger than those activated on pure mineral dust particles.

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Raman lidar measurement of water vapor and ice clouds associated with Asian dust layer over Tsukuba, Japan

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Satellite-Observed Transport of Dust to the East China Sea and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Contribution of Dust to the Increase in Chlorophyll during Spring 2010

Satellite-Observed Transport of Dust to the East China Sea and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Contribution of Dust to the Increase in Chlorophyll during Spring 2010

The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds

CCN Ability of Asian Mineral Dust Particles and Their Effects on Cloud Droplet Formation

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