Raman Fourier transform imaging: Application to melamine and melamine‐milk powder mixtures analysis

Abstract

Melamine is a chemical compound generating a very characteristic Raman signature. This component is fraudulently added to milk to artificially increase its nitrogen content (and thereby its apparent protein content). In this paper, we evaluate the ability of a specific wide-field Fourier-based Raman imaging system to identify melamine. The melamine is studied in powder form or diluted and dried out on SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) Cu2O-Ag substrate, which enhances the Raman signature. In both forms, we show that the spatial content of the information is an asset to characterize the samples; on SERS, we demonstrate the inhomogeneity of the deposition, and in powder form, we identify melamine as individual grain mixed with milk powder. The specific wide-field imaging technology features much higher laser excitation with lower local intensity than traditional point to point Raman measurement, thereby reducing the acquisition time for full data sets.

Facile SERS screening of melamine in bovine milk with 2D printed AgNPs/glass fabric filter paper as the flexible substrate

“…However, the main problem faced in SERS when trying to develop it as a conventional detection method is the preparation of active test substrates with high stability, uniformity, and repeatability [16]. Common preparation methods for SERS-active substrates include the redox, nanoparticle self-assembly, photolithography, and template methods [17][18][19] . These preparation methods can be used to obtain high signal enhancement substrates, but they are difficult to scale for commercial production.…”