Government agencies worldwide have faced budget cutbacks. Possible eff ects of budget cutbacks on the propensity to contract out have been discussed repeatedly; however, empirical evaluations are lacking. This study tests the contingency theory regarding the main factors that infl uence the propensity to contract out health and human services in response to fi scal stress: cutback levels, training and development, political factors, diversity as a goal, and the role of unions. The empirical analyses used a nationwide survey of health and human services directors in United States (U.S.) county governments, merged from diff erent sources. The fi ndings suggested that managers' perceptions of cutback levels are a vital predictor of the propensity to contract out health and human services, and multiple factors have varied infl uences on their decision to do so in cutback situations. Implications for eff ective contracting strategies to maintain health and human service delivery, as well as preserving a balanced budget, are discussed.