Rainfall simulation for environmental application

A Rainfall Simulator for Laboratory Use in Acidic Precipitation Studies

“…The distribution of rainfall intensity across a target area in the nozzle-type simulator was fairly uniform out to a distance of 30 cm from the center of the target. 7 However, rainfall intensity from nozzles decreased by about one-half at the outer edge of the target. In the needle-type system, rainall intensity was Uniform over the entire target area and did not vary appreciably between rain simulation units.…”

“…7 The authors have developed an alternative design based upon droplet formation from needle tips. The primary differences in rainfall characteristics between the two types of simulators are the control of droplet size, the uniformity of distribution across a target area, and the stability of rainfall chemistry after passing through the system.…”

“…11 At rainfall rates of 1 cm h" 1 , the diameter of about 35% of the raindrops are reported to be between 2.0 and 3.0 mm with the frequency distribution curve skewed toward smaller diameters. In comparing the nozzle-type simulator with the needle-type simulator, droplet size ranged from 0.41 to 1.20 mm (78% of the droplets) for nozzles 7 and 2.5 to 3.4 mm (100% of the droplets) for needles ( Table I). The nozzle-type simulator produced a greater range of droplet sizes; however, the distribution was shifted toward smaller droplets typical of lower intensity natural rainfalls.…”

Experiments as tools in geomorphology

“…Therefore, a wide range of rainfall simulators have been developed (Seyhan, 1977;Shriner et al, 1977) and applied in laboratory research (Geddes and Dunkerley, 1999;Goebes et al, 2014;Kinnell, 2005aKinnell, , 2005bKinnell, , 2001Kinnell, , 1985León et al, 2014;McGregor et al, 1988;Poesen and Lavee, 1991;Slattery and Bryan, 1994). The development and application of rainfall simulators in the field has opened new insights into soil erosion research (see among many others Arnáez et al, 2007;Butzen et al, 2015, 1995Cerdà, 1998;Cerdà and Jurgensen, 2011;Imeson et al, 1998;Seeger, 2007).…”