Rain‐triggered self‐pollination in <i>Liparis kumokiri</i>, an orchid that blooms during the rainy season

Suetsugu, Kenji

doi:10.1002/ecy.2683

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A similar mechanism of anther cap removal occurs in Acampe rigida , but afterwards raindrops make the pollinia bounce upward and then be pulled back by the stipes straight to the stigma (Fan et al, ). In another case, during the flower lifespan of Liparis loeselii (Catling, ) and L. kumokiri (Suetsugu, ), the anther cap was raised due to tissue degeneration, leaving pollen masses suspended. Thereafter, water flow or a droplet that is gradually shrinking by evaporation deposit the pollinia onto the stigma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rain may have several detrimental effects on pollination, such as diluting nectar, degrading pollen and reproductive whorls, as well as disrupting pollinators’ foraging patterns and sensory signals (Lawson & Rands, ). In the other aforementioned rain‐assisted selfing systems, a set of adaptations (e.g., flower upward orientation, cap detachment) seems to be important in promoting higher rates of fruit set (see discussions in Fan et al, ; Suetsugu, ). However, in the Cyrtopodium genus, rain‐assisted fruit set is minute when compared to those species with spontaneous selfing (see Tremblay et al, ) and the ones with rain‐assisted self‐pollination mechanisms previously discussed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the low reproductive success of two Cyrtopodium species (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae): The relative roles of biotic and abiotic pollination

Maciel

Cardoso

Oliveira

2019

Plant Species Biology

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Rewardless orchid species are pollinated by deception and have reduced reproductive success. Those species that present self‐compatibility followed by alternative mechanisms of autogamy may compensate for such episodic allogamy events. This is the case for rain‐assisted self‐pollination, a rare mechanism in Orchidaceae. In this study, we investigated the reproductive biology of two terrestrial species: Cyrtopodium hatschbachii and C. paludicolum. We studied their reproductive systems, examined pollinators and male and female successes, and ascertained if rain promotes self‐pollination. Both species are allogamous but self‐compatible. However, natural fruit set is low, not exceeding 1.40% during 4 years of observation. This may result from the reduced frequency of pollinator visitation followed by a high pollinator specificity, because each species was pollinated by a single specialist bee. Although spontaneous selfing did not occur, we verified fruits formed by rain action. The evaporation of the water droplet that accumulates on stigma helps the pollinarium to slip back, promoting selfing. This occurred in approximately 10% of C. hatschbachii fruits, but in C. paludicolum it was recorded only once during three observation years. This indicates that the phenomenon happens at random and may vary temporally. Nevertheless, rain may confer additional fruit set, especially under circumstances of pollinator limitation. Overall, we confirmed deception as a strategy for this understudied genus. In addition, we report a further two cases of rain‐assisted self‐pollination for Cyrtopodium, for species from the center of diversity of the genus, indicating that it may be more widespread than previously thought.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the low reproductive success of two Cyrtopodium species (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae): The relative roles of biotic and abiotic pollination

Maciel

Cardoso

Oliveira

2019

Plant Species Biology

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“…In self-pollinating species, the sequence of anthesis interacts synergistically with floral morphology, often involving complex movements, which favors the arrival of pollen to the receptive stigmas (Lloyd & Schoen 1992;Domingos-Melo et al 2018). This delicate adjustment can be greatly affected by rain, being rare the cases of rain-triggered self-pollination, in which the exposure of flowers to rain takes a beneficial aspect (Hagerup 1950;Daumann 1970;Suetsugu 2019). In most of the cases rainfall damages floral whorls and compromises pollen viability and stigmatic receptivity (Jacquemart 1996;Hase et al 2006;Ortega et al 2007;Mao & Huang 2009).…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dark side of the rain: self-pollination setbacks due to water exposure in Pavonia varians Moric (Malvaceae), a species with rain-dependent flowering

et al. 2020

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Plants that occur in arid or semi-arid environments may restrict their flowering to the rainy season to ensure water availability for reproductive functions. However, the exposure of flowers to rainfall can compromise their functionality, such as complex self-pollination mechanisms. We experimentally tested how rainfall exposure affects the sequence of anthesis and reproductive success of Pavonia varians. This species is endemic to the Caatinga, and it has a rainfall-dependent flowering and a specialized mechanism of delayed self-pollination by style curvature. Our results demonstrate that wet flowers have difficulty in distending their petals, and although they maintain the sequence of anthesis, style curvature and corolla closure are delayed. Water exposure also compromised reproductive success by spontaneous self-pollination in bagged flowers but did not prevent fruit set by exposed flowers. These conditions allow cross-pollination in P. varians if rainfall is transient or localized, which is a common condition in the Caatinga. We believe that this type of experimental approach can bring important clues about how reproductive systems respond to abiotic factors, especially in the context of imminent climate change.

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“…As L. kumokiri is a genetically depauperate species at neutral loci and mainly occurs under forests showing a narrow ecological amplitude, it might lack adaptability to environmental changes and, thus, is prone to extinction. The species blooms during the rainy season and is rain-triggered self-pollinated (Suetsugu, 2019). From a conservation and restoration perspective, L. kumokiri is of higher priority regarding conservation and restoration actions, which should be focused on increasing the number of individuals and populations.…”

Section: Liparis Krameri Is Genetically Healthymentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetically healthy terrestrial orchid <i>Liparis krameri</i> on southern Korean Peninsula

Chung

Son

et al. 2019

Korean J. Pl. Taxon

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Neutral genetic diversity found in plant species usually leaves an indelible footprint of historical events. Korea's main mountain range (referred to as the Baekdudaegan [BDDG]), is known to have served as a glacial refugium primarily for the boreal and temperate flora of northeastern Asia. In addition, life-history traits (life forms, geographic range, and breeding systems) influence the within-and among-population genetic diversity of seed plant species. For example, selfing species harbor significantly less within-population genetic variation than that of predominantly outcrossers. A previous study of two Liparis species (L. makinoana and L. kumokiri) emphasizes the role of the abovementioned factors shaping the levels of genetic diversity. Liparis makinoana, mainly occurring on the BDDG and self-incompatible, harbors high levels of within-population genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity, H e P = 0.319), whereas there is no allozyme variation (H e P = 0.000) in L. kumokiri, which is self-compatible and mainly occurs in lowland hilly areas. To determine if this trend is also found in other congeners, we sampled five populations of L. krameri from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and investigated the allozyme-based genetic diversity at 15 putative loci. The somewhat intermediate levels of within-population genetic variation (H e P = 0.145) found in L. krameri are most likely due to its occurrence in mountainous areas that, despite being outside of the main ridge of the BDDG, still served as refugia, and a self-incompatible breeding system. Management strategies are suggested for L. krameri and L. makinoana based on the levels and distribution of genetic diversity and inbreeding.

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Rain‐triggered self‐pollination in Liparis kumokiri, an orchid that blooms during the rainy season

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

On the low reproductive success of two Cyrtopodium species (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae): The relative roles of biotic and abiotic pollination

On the low reproductive success of two Cyrtopodium species (Orchidaceae: Cyrtopodiinae): The relative roles of biotic and abiotic pollination

The dark side of the rain: self-pollination setbacks due to water exposure in Pavonia varians Moric (Malvaceae), a species with rain-dependent flowering

The genetically healthy terrestrial orchid <i>Liparis krameri</i> on southern Korean Peninsula

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