Rain and Hail Extremes at Altitude

Kissel, Glen J.

doi:10.2514/3.57926

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, it should be understood that in adverse weather conditions, there is a possibility of an aircraft to encounter water ingestion of 3.18% water/air mass. 1 In addition to that, the gas turbine water ingestion certification test is accomplished with 4% water/air.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In extreme weather conditions, where the levels of water mass quantity, droplets diameter and the rain intensity are high, engine flameout or shutdown has occurred. [1][2][3][4] It has been reported that the effects of water ingestion into a gas turbine engine are aerothermodynamic and mechanical. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Hence, there is an impact on the aerodynamics because water changes the velocity triangle in the compressor-turbine blades and causes an increase in air shear force.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the combined aerothermodynamic and mechanical effects may result in engine's flameout/run-down and the reported incidents or accidents are the cases in the point. 1,[16][17][18] Murthy 10,11 presents a detail review of the research done in water ingestion effects. It includes the areas of water ingestion from puddles on runways, the instrumentation setting for pressure and temperature measurement in an air-water mixture, tests on axial flow compressors and combustors and time-dependent performance of turbofan engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of water ingestion on an axial flow compressor performance

Nikolaidis

Pilidis

2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G:

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The aero-thermodynamic effects of water ingestion on an axial flow compressor performance are presented in this article. Under adverse weather conditions, gas turbine engine performance deteriorates and in extreme cases, this performance deterioration may result in flameout or shutdown of the engine, which means that serious incidents or possibly accidents may occur. When the water droplets enter into the engine they break up into smaller droplets which may bounce, coalesce or splash onto the compressor blades. They also form a liquid film whose motion is influenced by inertia forces, blade friction, aerodynamic drag and pressure gradient. The water liquid film has considerable effects on blade’s geometric characteristics. Apart from the change in its profile due to thickness increase, air shear force and water droplets momentum cause waves in water film’s surface introducing a kind of ‘roughness’ on blade’s surface. The current work focuses on the aero-thermodynamic effects. Its methodology is based on computational fluid dynamics, which is used to solve the flow field of the computational domain. The model consists of an extended inlet, an inlet guide vane, a rotor and a stator blade. Several cases with water ingestion are solved, varying the parameter of water mass and engine rotational speed, simulating adverse weather conditions. On the rotor blade, the water film height and speed are calculated at the equilibrium condition. This condition is achieved when the water mass which flows out of the blade surface equals with this which impacts on it. Taking into account the film thickness at each computational node of the blade surface, the blade’s geometry is changed. Furthermore, an equivalent roughness is introduced and the effects on compressor’s performance are calculated. It is found that deterioration is more pronounced in low rotational speed. For 4% water/air, compressor’s isentropic efficiency deteriorates 8.5% for idle speed and 1.6% for full speed. For the same water mass, mass flow capacity deteriorates 2.4% at idle speed while the change is small for full speed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of water ingestion on an axial flow compressor performance

Nikolaidis

Pilidis

2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G:

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“…Several research studies show that the capture of rain and hail in aircraft engines is highly undesirable, especially at the period when the engine is placed in idle mode. 1 In such an operating condition, the massive absorption of water has a greater effect on the stability of the engine, as a large amount of water is inhaled, 2 which can lead to engine malfunctioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic performance investigation of an axial flow compressor under water ingestion

Ishaque

Zheng

Ahmad

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A:

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This paper presents numerical simulations of the effects of water ingestion in the axial flow compressor. A self-compiled droplet-wall interaction model is used to study the impingement of the droplets and the film fragmenting process on the surfaces of the compressor blades, which also included the splashing effects. The blade profile has been divided into small regions to effectively apply the rough wall model to capture the film-related flow losses, which has shown flow characteristics with better accuracy. The formation of water film, its shedding, the size, and the movement of droplets after film peeling have been investigated using unsteady simulations at different time intervals. The increased loss of characteristics, shortening of the operating range, and change of flow velocity angle were observed with increasing water content. Moreover, the current research work shown that an increase in the amount of water has severe aerodynamic effects that caused the shock waves to move an upstream location with an increase in intensity. A higher blockage is generated in the tip section flow as the amount of the water increased. Tip losses were very dominant as water injection rate increased, resulting an additional energy loss and performance degradation.

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Einfluss von Wassertropfen oder Partikeln in der Verdichterluft

Joos

2020

Aerodynamik Axialer Turbokompressoren

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Rain and Hail Extremes at Altitude

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

The effect of water ingestion on an axial flow compressor performance

The effect of water ingestion on an axial flow compressor performance

Aerodynamic performance investigation of an axial flow compressor under water ingestion

Einfluss von Wassertropfen oder Partikeln in der Verdichterluft

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