Railgun recoil and relativity

Allen, J. E.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/20/8/015

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The problem is known from experimental and theoretical studies 3,42,55 and arises due to differences in the shape of the diffusion layer boundary. 47 Over large mask openings or dense patterns of small mask openings the diffusion layer boundary is parallel to the surface and mass transfer occurs in one dimension only.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentration gradients along the edge of a pattern of mask openings can be leveled by introducing so-called current robber areas surrounding the pattern. 3 Also, large mask openings can be divided into a number of smaller mask openings, a large chamber thus being formed by the merging of many smaller cavities. 42,55 In theory reducing the thickness of the diffusion layer via forced convection should also reduce the dependence of the etch rate on size effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Compared to classical wet chemical and dry etching processes, TMEMM offers higher rates of material removal, better control of surface finish, more selective machining of substrates and enhanced process safety. [3][4][5] In addition, combining photolithography with electrochemical dissolution processes is expected to enable the fabrication of a large number of microfluidic devices in parallel and at low cost. 6 Aluminum is widely used as a construction material for the manufacture of microfluidic devices such as micro-heat exchangers, 7 microreactors 8 and micro-fuel cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Through-Mask Electrochemical Micromachining of Aluminum in Phosphoric Acid

Baldhoff

Nock

Marshall

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Aluminum micro-channels have been machined in phosphoric acid via mass-transfer limited electrochemical dissolution through photoresist masks. The results of shape evolution experiments using a rotating disk electrode are presented in terms of the dimensions, shape profile and uniformity of the machined micro-channels. The influences of applied potential, cumulative passed charge and hydrodynamic conditions on the shape evolution process are discussed. Experimental results are compared with a shape evolution model assuming the rate of aluminum removal is solely controlled by diffusive mass transfer. The degree of agreement between experimental and simulated results depends mainly on the hydrodynamic conditions in the electrochemical cell and indicates a shift from purely diffusive to mixed convective-diffusive mass transfer. Through-Mask Electrochemical Micromachining (TMEMM) is an unconventional machining process, in which a metal substrate is made the anode in an electrochemical cell and thereby dissolved.1,2 Localized material removal is achieved by covering the substrate with an insulating mask. The use of common photolithography processes for the creation of the mask enables the fabrication of micrometer-sized structures. Thereby, TMEMM can be used in two ways to fabricate microfluidic devices: firstly, cavities and channels can be machined into the substrate surface and secondly, through-holes and slits can be machined into metal foils or shims.1 Compared to classical wet chemical and dry etching processes, TMEMM offers higher rates of material removal, better control of surface finish, more selective machining of substrates and enhanced process safety. [3][4][5] In addition, combining photolithography with electrochemical dissolution processes is expected to enable the fabrication of a large number of microfluidic devices in parallel and at low cost. 6Aluminum is widely used as a construction material for the manufacture of microfluidic devices such as micro-heat exchangers, 7 microreactors 8 and micro-fuel cells. 9 Other areas of interest are the fabrication of intricate parts in optical, electronic, automotive and aerospace systems. 10,11 Its chief advantages compared to other materials used in these fields are its high thermal conductivity, low electrical resistivity, easy machinability and low density. In addition, it is possible to modify the surface structure of aluminum substrates via the formation of highly ordered, porous oxide films along the surface. 12,13 It has been demonstrated, that these films can be subsequently used to incorporate noble metal catalysts along the surface of micro-channels within a micro-reactor. [14][15][16] Electrochemical dissolution of aluminum in phosphoric acid is known to produce reflective aluminum surfaces with sub-micrometer surface roughness at sufficiently high electrolyte concentration and temperature.17 This property makes it attractive for TMEMM of micrometer-sized structures made from aluminum. The observed leveling and brightening effect is caused by the m...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Through-Mask Electrochemical Micromachining of Aluminum in Phosphoric Acid

Baldhoff

Nock

Marshall

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Attention has been focused on the force on an end conductor connecting two parallel rails which is either stationary or moving, in the latter case as the projectile of an electromagnetic railgun (Graneau 1987). The railgun recoil is caused partly by the mechanical momentum imparted to the projectile and partly by the electromagnetic momentum created in the field, although the latter is very small for non-relativistic velocities (Allen 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corrections looked for in experiments of this type are usually very small. Indeed, for forces in the direction of the motion as in the railgun (Graneau 1987, Allen 1987, it can be shown that, if the moving frame electric field may be neglected, there are no differences even in the highly relativistic case. For the present example, however, the difference in the highly relativistic case would be large.…”

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confidence: 99%