Ragwort: Invasive Weed and Potential Pharmaceutical

O'Keeffe, Catherina M.; Stutte, Gary W.; McKeon-Bennett, Michelle

doi:10.1002/9781119107781.ch03

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…Methanol (hot) [93], Methanol [64,152], 0.025 M Sulfuric Acid [153], Water (hot) [154], Tartaric acid in Methanol [152]; Ethanol [152] 0.7 M HCl [152], Chloroform/Methanol [152] Refluxing Tartaric Acid in Methanol [54,152], Methanol/Water (50/50) [116], Ethanol [152], 0.7 M HCl [152], Ascorbic Acid in Methanol [152] Sonication Chloroform (basic) [155], Methanol/Water (50/50) [116], Methanol/Chloroform (15/85) [116], Methanol [116], Ethanol [116], Tartaric Acid in Methanol [152], Acetic Acid [152] Percolation Methanol [152] HWPE Water [116] PLE Acetic Acid [122], Phosphoric Acid [122], Formic Acid [122], Sulfuric Acid [122], Ammonia [122] Tussilago (Asteraceae)…”

Section: Macerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Don is exported as OTC in traditional Chinese medicine for treating bacterial diarrhea, enteritis, conjunctivitis, and respiratory tract infections [206] or in Africa against malaria [207] or hypertension [208]. Other species were tested for their relaxant effects [209] as well as anti-inflammatory [155,206,209], antimicrobial [155,206], antileptospirosis [206], hepaprotective [206], anti-infusorial [206], antioxidant [206,[210][211][212][213][214], antiviral [206,215,216], antitumoral [155,206,217], analgesic [206], anti-tuberculosis [218], anti-spastic [155], and antibacterial [103] characteristics. In several Senecio species, 39 different PAs have been identified (see Table 2).…”

Section: Seneciomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dried, freeze-dried [153], or nitrogen-ground [224] plant parts were extracted by various extraction procedures and solvents (see Table 3). In most cases, maceration with or without sonication was utilized for PA extraction [64,93,116,[152][153][154][155]. Other procedures such as refluxing [54,116,152], percolating [152], HPWE [116] or PLE [122] were used too.…”

Section: Symphytummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracting and Analyzing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants: A Review

Kopp

Abdel‐Tawab

Mizaikoff

2020

Toxins

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are distributed in plant families of Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae and serve in the chemical defense mechanism against herbivores. However, they became a matter of concern due to their toxicity associated with the high risk of intake within herbal preparations, e.g., phytopharmaceutical formulations, medicinal teas, or other plant-derived drug products. In 1992, the German Federal Ministry of Health established the first limits of PA content for fourteen medicinal plants. Because of the toxic effects of PAs, the Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) established more stringent limits in 2011, whereby a daily intake <0.007 µg/kg body weight was recommended and valid until 2018. A threefold higher limit was then advised by BfR. To address consumer safety, there is the need for more efficient extraction procedures along with robust, selective, and sensitive analytical methods to address these concerns. With the increased prevalence of, e.g., phytopharmaceutical formulations, this timely review comprehensively focuses on the most relevant extraction and analysis strategies for each of those fourteen plant genera. While a variety of extraction procedures has been reported, differences in PA content of up to 1110 ppm (0.11% (w/w)) were obtained dependent on the nature of the solvent and the applied extraction technique. It is evident that the efficient extraction of PAs requires further improvements or at least standardization of the extraction conditions. Comparing the various analytical techniques applied regarding selectivity and sensitivity, LC-MS methods appear most suited. This review shows that both standardized extraction and sensitive determination of PAs is required for achieving appropriate safety levels concerning public health in future.

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Section: Macerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seneciomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Symphytummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracting and Analyzing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants: A Review

Kopp

Abdel‐Tawab

Mizaikoff

2020

Toxins

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“…In den letzten Jahren wurden dem Institut für Tierernährung, Ernährungsschäden und Diätetik der Universität Leipzig Fragen zum Risiko der Aufnahme von Herbst-Zeitlose (Colchicum autumnale), Jakobs-Kreuzkraut (Senecio jacobaea) und Echtes Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum) auf der Weide oder auch im Heu gestellt. [11] unterschiedliche Angaben zu der PA-Alkaloid-Zusammensetzung in den Pflanzen Seneciphylline, Senecionine, Jacozine, Jacobine, Jacoline und Jaconine als freie Basen und deren N-Oxide [12] Jacobine, Jacidine, Jaconine, Retrosine als freie Basen und deren N-Oxide [13] PAs liegen hauptsächlich als N-Oxide in der Pflanze vor [14] Akute [26] starke Unterschiede in den Hypericin-Gehalten [27 -29] Verteilung Hypericin-Gehalte:…”

Section: Altbekannte Giftpflanzen Neu Betrachtetunclassified