Radular stylus of Cryptochiton stelleri: A multifunctional lightweight and flexible fiber-reinforced composite

Pohl, Anna; Herrera, Steven; Restrepo, David; Negishi, Ryo; Jung, Jae‐Young; Salinas, Chris; Wuhrer, Richard; Yoshino, Tomoko; McKittrick, Joanna; Arakaki, Atsushi; Nemoto, Michiko; Zavattieri, Pablo; Kisailus, David

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103991

Cited by 22 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The tooth styli and bases enable the avoidance of structural failure or heavy abrasive wear, as it had been observed for paludomid gastropods [24,27,30]. Due to the smallness of the analyzed structures we were not able to differentiate between the core and the cusp edges in Lepidochitona, but values of the mature cusps of the dominant lateral teeth are comparable to cores of Cryptochiton [20] and the values of the styli are comparable to the values detected in other polyplacophorans [109,111,112]. The hardness and elasticity moduli of the central, lateral teeth I, and marginal teeth are comparable to the values detected for the limpet Megathura [23].…”

Section: Young's Modulus and Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…For paludomid gastropods, E=8 GPa and H=0.4 GPa were measured for the tooth cusps [24,27,30]. For the stylus of polyplacophoran teeth, H=0.2-1.8 GPa and E=7-30 GPa [109] or from E=18 GPa (for upper stylus) to E=12 GPa (basis) [111] were previously determined. Here the walls of the stylus canal and the core of the upper stylus are rather soft and exible, whereas the outer parts are stiffer and harder [109,111].…”

Section: Young's Modulus and Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the stylus of polyplacophoran teeth, H=0.2-1.8 GPa and E=7-30 GPa [109] or from E=18 GPa (for upper stylus) to E=12 GPa (basis) [111] were previously determined. Here the walls of the stylus canal and the core of the upper stylus are rather soft and exible, whereas the outer parts are stiffer and harder [109,111]. [112] identi ed a hardness of 0.6 GPa and a Young's modulus of 10.5 GPa for the stylus leading edge.…”

Section: Young's Modulus and Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…E.g. in abalone shells gradients are induced by the arrangement of structures [150,151,152], in the cephalopod sucker ring by their distribution [153,154], in crustacean exoskeletons by their dimensions [96, 97,155], in pangolin scales by their orientation [98,99], in tarsal setae of ladybird beetle gradients are induced by the distribution of the protein resilin and different degree of sclerotization [156,157], in squid's beak by a combination of the regionalization of histidine-rich proteins and the degree of hydration [158, 159,160], in mammal teeth or bones by multiple gradient types [161,162,163,164,165,166,167], and in the dominant lateral teeth of chitons and limpets by the distribution of the inorganic components and the architecture of the organic components [18,20,57,109,111,112,168].…”

Section: Origins Of the Mechanical Property Gradients And The Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogeny of the elemental composition and the biomechanics of radular teeth in the chiton Lepidochitona cinerea

Krings

Brütt

Gorb

2022

Preprint

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Background The radula, a chitinous membrane with embedded teeth, is one important molluscan autapomorphy. In some taxa (Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda) one tooth type (the dominant lateral tooth) was studied intensively in the last decades with regard to its mechanical properties, chemical, and structural composition, and the relationship between these parameters. As the dominant lateral tooth is probably one of the best studied biological materials, it is surprising, that data on chemistry and mechanical properties of the other tooth types, present on a chiton radula, is lacking. Results We provide data on the elemental distribution and mechanical properties (hardness and elasticity, i.e. Young’s modulus) of all teeth from the Polyplacophora Lepidochitona cinerea (Linnaeus, 1767) [Chitonidae: Ischnochitonidae]. The ontogeny of elements, determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and of the mechanical properties, detected by nanoindentation, was studied for every single tooth type. Additionally, we performed breaking stress experiments with teeth under dry and wet condition, highlighting the high influence of the water content on the mechanical behaviour of the radula. We thereby could determine the forces and stresses, teeth can resist, which was previously not studied in representatives of Polyplacophora. Overall, we were able to relate the mineral (iron, calcium) content, the mechanical parameters, breaking force, and stress for each tooth type. This led to a better understanding of the relationship between structure, material, and function in radular teeth. Further, we aimed at determining the role of calcium for the mechanical behaviour of the teeth: we decalcified radulae by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and afterwards performed elemental analyses, breaking stress experiments and determined the mechanical properties. Among other things, we detected that wet and decalcified radular teeth could resist highest forces, since teeth have a higher range of bending motion leading to a higher capability of teeth to gain mechanical support from the adjacent tooth row. Conclusion We present novel data on the chemistry, mechanical properties, and the mechanical behaviour of chiton teeth, which allows conclusions about tooth function. We could also relate the parameters mentioned, which contributes to our understanding on the origins of mechanical property gradients and the processes reducing structural failure in radular teeth.

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Section: Young's Modulus and Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Young's Modulus and Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Young's Modulus and Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origins Of the Mechanical Property Gradients And The Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ontogeny of the elemental composition and the biomechanics of radular teeth in the chiton Lepidochitona cinerea

Krings

Brütt

Gorb

2022

Preprint

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“…In biological materials, heterogeneities can have their origin in geometry, chemistry, and/or structure (for a review see Liu et al, 2017). In the dominant lateral teeth of chitons and limpets they have their origin in the distribution of the inorganic components and in the architecture of organic components (Weaver et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2013;Grunenfelder et al, 2014;Herrera et al, 2015;Ukmar-Godec, 2016;Pohl et al, 2020;Stegbauer et al, 2021). We have previously correlated the hardness and elasticity values in Lepidochitona cinerea with the iron and the calcium proportions (Krings et al, 2022), which was previously also described for limpet teeth (Runham et al, 1969;Vincent, 1980;van der Wal, 1989;Barber et al, 2015) and for other chitons (Weaver et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2013;Grunenfelder et al, 2014;Herrera et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molluscs’ periodic table: Elemental analysis reveals distinct mineralization patterns in radular teeth

Krings

Brütt

Gorb

2022

Preprint

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The molluscan phylum is the second specious animal group inhabiting various habitats and feeding on a variety of food sources. The latter is enabled by the radula, a small chitinous membrane with embedded teeth, one important molluscan autapomorphy. Between species, radulae can vary in their morphology, mechanical, and chemical properties. With regard to radular chemical composition, some taxa (Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda) were studied extensively in the past decades, due to their specificity to incorporate high proportions of iron, calcium, and silicon. There is, however, a huge lack of knowledge about radular chemical composition in other molluscan taxa. The work presented here aims at shedding light on the radular chemistry by performing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses on overall 24 molluscan species, thereof two Polyplacophora, two Cephalopoda, and 20 Gastropoda. The elements, which are not part of chitin, and their proportions were documented for overall 1448 individual, mature teeth and hypotheses about potential biomineralizations types were proposed. The here presented work additionally comprises a detailed record on past studies about the chemical composition of molluscan teeth, which is an important basis for further investigation of the radular chemistry. The found disparity in elements detected, in their distribution and proportions highlights the diversity of evolutionary solutions, as it depicts multiple biomineralization types present within Mollusca.

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The Multiphasic Teeth of Chiton Articulatus, an Abrasion‐Resistant and Self‐Sharpening Tool for Hard Algae Collection

Montroni,

Sarmiento,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Chiton articulatus is a species of mollusk living in the tropical Pacific intertidal rocky shores of Mexico. This species feeds on solid waste organic sources, including hard crustose algae that grow on rocky substrates, by grazing on them with its radula, a flexible chitinous membrane lined with mineralized major lateral teeth. In this study, the composition, morphology, and resulting mechanics of the mature teeth of this species, which have yet to be examined, are revealed. The results show the presence of multiphasic mature teeth, each consisting of aligned hard magnetite nanoparticles on the leading edge of the tooth underneath which are magnetite lamellae, followed by goethite, lepidocrocite, and eventually hydroxyapatite near the trailing edge. This multiregional structure demonstrates a gradation in hardness as well as different microstructural features integrated with tough interfaces. The combination of these microstructural and phase arrangements results in an abrasion‐resistant tough structure with a self‐sharpening ability. The results of this work will help contribute to developing new bioinspired designs while also helping to understand the evolution and feeding habits of these intriguing invertebrates.

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Radular stylus of Cryptochiton stelleri: A multifunctional lightweight and flexible fiber-reinforced composite

Cited by 22 publications

References 57 publications

Ontogeny of the elemental composition and the biomechanics of radular teeth in the chiton Lepidochitona cinerea

Ontogeny of the elemental composition and the biomechanics of radular teeth in the chiton Lepidochitona cinerea

The molluscs’ periodic table: Elemental analysis reveals distinct mineralization patterns in radular teeth

The Multiphasic Teeth of Chiton Articulatus, an Abrasion‐Resistant and Self‐Sharpening Tool for Hard Algae Collection

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