Radiosensitivity of Vascular Tissue: I. Differential Radiosensitivity of Capillaries: A Quantitative in Vivo Study

Abstract

The effects of single doses of X radiation ranging from 200 to 2000 rad were studied by direct morphometry in vivo of the mature, stable microvasculature in rabbit ear chambers. Reproducible observations in vivo of the mature microvasculature were obtained by photomicrography of identical 0.033-mm2 sites in each ear chamber prior to and 1 and 5 days following single doses of X radiation. Measurements were made directly on color photomicrographs at a total magnification of 2000X. The microvessels were divided into two groups according to size: vessels greater than 10 microns in diameter (arterioles and venules), and vessels less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (capillaries). Vascular length and outer and inner surface areas were measured directly on the projected photomicrographs, and vascular volumes and diameters were calculated from these measured parameters. Measurements of capillary length per unit surface area disclosed a decrease in capillary density with increasing dose, resulting in a calculated intercapillary distance in excess of 300 microns, conceivably associated with a decrease in oxygen delivery by the microvasculature. With this method, radiosensitivity of the capillaries was found to be significantly greater than that of larger vessels. Computerized histogram analysis of vascular length, surface area, and volume as a function of increasing diameter (1-micron bins) confirmed the significant difference in reduction of these measured parameters between the capillaries and the larger vessels. The total microvascular volume profile dominated by the volume of larger vessels did not change much 5 days after irradiation, although capillary volume was markedly reduced. Furthermore, the basic profile of the microvasculature showed a shift to larger diameters following irradiation, thus confirming the calculated dilatation of surviving vessels. Qualitative morphologic observations revealed considerable extravasation from the microvessels and formation of micropetechiae at the site of disrupted capillaries with subsequent inflammatory changes.

Radiation Maculopathy After Proton Beam Therapy for Uveal Melanoma: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Alterations Influencing Visual Acuity

“…Consistently, smaller capillaries are more radiosensitive than larger ones. 41 Another possibility would be the different nature of endothelial cells in the deep plexus, where capillaries form an interconnected, short-segment meshwork drained by small vortices. 42 In addition, the deep plexus is mainly composed of capillaries, unlike the superficial plexus formed by gradually smaller arterioles, capillaries, and progressively larger venules.…”

Vascularization in the transition area between free grafted soft tissues and pre‐irradiated graft bed tissues following preoperative radiotherapy in the head and neck region

“…41 In the first instance, vessels with a diameter of less than 10 microns are affected, whereas these changes occur only secondarily in vessels with a diameter of more than 10 microns. 42 After a median period of 72 months between irradiation and reconstruction, the expression of type I, III, and IV collagens must be expected to lead to hyalinosis as a late effect of irradiation. 13,43 The clinical and histological results are comparable between patients pretreated with 40 to 50 Gy and cisplatin/5-FU and patients without preirradiation.…”

Chronic Suppression of Angiogenesis following Radiation Exposure Is Independent of Hematopoietic Reconstitution

“…Radiation is well known to cause damage to endothelial cells (9,10) and to inhibit neovascularization (11,12). The finding that bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitors may participate in neovascularization suggests that radiation could potentially inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing the recruitment of bone marrowderived endothelial progenitors.…”