“…Additionally, the evaporation process is easier for methanol when compared to water. For example, the standardized extraction of P. longifolia was through adding dried samples (leaves (Figure 1B), twigs, flowers, fruits, barks (Figure 1C) and/or roots) to adequate volume of methanol and soaked the samples for 3-7 days at room temperature [11][12][13][14]. Filtrated samples were then concentrated by using a rotary evaporator and at 40-60 • C [12,13].…”
Section: Methods For Extraction Of Phytochemical Compounds From Polyalthiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, the standardized extraction of P. longifolia was through adding dried samples (leaves (Figure 1B), twigs, flowers, fruits, barks (Figure 1C) and/or roots) to adequate volume of methanol and soaked the samples for 3-7 days at room temperature [11][12][13][14]. Filtrated samples were then concentrated by using a rotary evaporator and at 40-60 • C [12,13]. The concentrated extracts could be sterilized by filtration through a 0.22 µm membrane before further testing [11].…”
Section: Methods For Extraction Of Phytochemical Compounds From Polyalthiamentioning
Polyalthia belong to the Annonaceae family and are a type of evergreen tree distributed across many tropical and subtropical regions. Polyalthia species have been used long term as indigenous medicine to treat certain diseases, including fever, diabetes, infection, digestive disease, etc. Recent studies have demonstrated that not only crude extracts but also the isolated pure compounds exhibit various pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, etc. It is known that the initiation of cancer usually takes several years and is related to unhealthy lifestyle, as well as dietary and environmental factors, such as stress, toxins and smoking. In fact, natural or synthetic substances have been used as cancer chemoprevention to delay, impede, or even stop cancer growing. This review is an attempt to collect current available phytochemicals from Polyalthia species, which exhibit anti-cancer potentials for chemoprevention purposes, providing directions for further research on the interesting agents and possible clinical applications.
“…Additionally, the evaporation process is easier for methanol when compared to water. For example, the standardized extraction of P. longifolia was through adding dried samples (leaves (Figure 1B), twigs, flowers, fruits, barks (Figure 1C) and/or roots) to adequate volume of methanol and soaked the samples for 3-7 days at room temperature [11][12][13][14]. Filtrated samples were then concentrated by using a rotary evaporator and at 40-60 • C [12,13].…”
Section: Methods For Extraction Of Phytochemical Compounds From Polyalthiamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, the standardized extraction of P. longifolia was through adding dried samples (leaves (Figure 1B), twigs, flowers, fruits, barks (Figure 1C) and/or roots) to adequate volume of methanol and soaked the samples for 3-7 days at room temperature [11][12][13][14]. Filtrated samples were then concentrated by using a rotary evaporator and at 40-60 • C [12,13]. The concentrated extracts could be sterilized by filtration through a 0.22 µm membrane before further testing [11].…”
Section: Methods For Extraction Of Phytochemical Compounds From Polyalthiamentioning
Polyalthia belong to the Annonaceae family and are a type of evergreen tree distributed across many tropical and subtropical regions. Polyalthia species have been used long term as indigenous medicine to treat certain diseases, including fever, diabetes, infection, digestive disease, etc. Recent studies have demonstrated that not only crude extracts but also the isolated pure compounds exhibit various pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, etc. It is known that the initiation of cancer usually takes several years and is related to unhealthy lifestyle, as well as dietary and environmental factors, such as stress, toxins and smoking. In fact, natural or synthetic substances have been used as cancer chemoprevention to delay, impede, or even stop cancer growing. This review is an attempt to collect current available phytochemicals from Polyalthia species, which exhibit anti-cancer potentials for chemoprevention purposes, providing directions for further research on the interesting agents and possible clinical applications.
“…2 f). These results suggest that hematopoietic stresses mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitors from the bone marrow to the spleen and induce extramedullary hematopoiesis [ 19 , 20 ], and the administration of combination #4 to mice exposed to lethal TBI may enhance/recover the hematopoietic function in the spleen. Fig.…”
Background: It has been reported that the high-dosage administration of domestically approved pharmaceutical drugs, especially granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and romiplostim (RP), is a rapid and appropriate medical treatment for preventing severe acute radiation syndrome (ARS) of victims exposed to lethal total-body irradiation (TBI). However, it remains unclear whether or not the clinical dosage administration of these drugs can ameliorate TBI-induced ARS and related high mortality in order to find various drug treatment options and less toxic optimum protocol depending on the situation surrounding the radiological accidents. Methods: We assessed the clinical dosage administration in combination with G-CSF and RP as intraperitoneal injection in C57BL/6 J mice exposed to more than 7-Gy lethal dose of X-ray TBI for the survival study evaluated by the log-rank test. Bone marrow and splenic cells were collected on the 21st day, when 1 week has passed from last administration, to detect the level of cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-related anti-oxidative gene expressions, and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay using sera was performed for cell senescence and inflammation status analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer or Bonferroni/Dunn multiple comparison tests. Results: The combined once-daily administration of 10 μg/kg G-CSF for 4 times and 10 μg/kg RP once a week for 3 times improve the 30-day survival rate of lethal TBI mice compared with untreated TBI mice, accompanied by a gradual increase in the body weight and hematopoietic cell numbers. The radio-mitigative effect is probably attributed to the scavenging of ROS and the reduction in cell apoptosis. These changes were associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and its downstream anti-oxidative targets in TBI mice. Furthermore, this combination modulated TBI-induced cell senescence an d inflammation markers. Conclusions: This study suggested that the clinical dosage administration in combination with G-CSF and RP may also have radio-mitigative effects on mice exposed to lethal TBI and may be a potent therapeutic agent for mitigating radiation-induced severe ARS.
“…2F). These results suggest that hematopoietic stresses mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitors from the bone marrow to the spleen and induce extramedullary hematopoiesis [16,17], and the administration of combination #4 to mice exposed to lethal TBI may enhance/recover the hematopoietic function in the spleen.…”
Section: Mitigation Of Lethal Tbi-induced Hematopoietic Damages By Phmentioning
Background:It has been reported that the high-dosage administration of domestically approved pharmaceutical drugs, especially granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and romiplostim (RP), is a rapid and appropriate medical treatment for preventing severe acute radiation syndrome (ARS) of victims exposed to lethal total-body irradiation (TBI). However, it remains unclear whether or not the clinical dosage administration of these drugs can ameliorate TBI-induced ARS and related high mortality in order to find various drug treatment options and less toxic optimum protocol depending on the situation surrounding the radiological accidents.Methods:We assessed the clinical dosageadministration in combination with G-CSF and RP as intraperitoneal injection in C57BL/6J mice exposed to more than 7-Gy lethal dose of X-ray TBI for the survival studyevaluated by the log-rank test. Bone marrow and splenic cellswere collected on the 21st day, when1 week have passed from last administration, to detect the level of cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-related anti-oxidative gene expressions, and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assayusing serawas performed for cell senescence and inflammationstatusanalyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer or Bonferroni/Dunn multiple comparison tests.Results: The combined once-daily administration of 10 μg/kg G-CSF for 4 times and 10 μg/kgRP once a week for 3 times improve the 30-day survival rate of lethal TBI mice compared with untreated TBI mice, accompanied by a gradual increase in the body weight and hematopoietic cell numbers. The radio-mitigative effect is probably attributed to the scavenging of ROS and the reduction in cell apoptosis. These changes were associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and its downstream anti-oxidative targets in TBI mice. Furthermore, this combination modulated TBI-induced cell senescence and inflammation markers. Conclusions:This study suggested that the clinical dosage administration in combination with G-CSF and RP may also have radio-mitigative effects on mice exposed to lethal TBI and may be a potent therapeutic agent for mitigating radiation-induced severe ARS.
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