Radionuclides in Drinking Water

Lowry, Jerry D.; Lowry, Sylvia B.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03068.x

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…OJBiphy 2 drinking water rich with Rn-222 was investigated by many people [12][13][14]. Development of a standard for maximum Rn-222 concentration in water requires optimization between public health and cost.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mitigating Technique for the Treatment of Small Volumes Drinking Water from Radon Gas

Jastaniah¹,

Shakhreet²,

Abbas³

2014

OJBIPHY

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We made an evaluation of a suitable mitigation technique for the treatment of drinking water that was artificially enriched with Rn-222 in laboratory by placing a radium rich granite stone (pitchblende) in a closed container filled with tap water for several days in order to allow Rn-222 concentration to approach its highest possible level. Experiments were designed to investigate the effectiveness of removal of Rn-222 by diffused bubble aeration method at room temperature. The results showed that this method becomes more efficient at higher airto-water ratios. Better aeration depends on the length of travel of bubbles through the water depth. This method is practical and has low capital cost. The removal of Rn-222 from artificially enriched water can be practically achieved by diffused bubble aeration method to greater than 98%.

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Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mitigating Technique for the Treatment of Small Volumes Drinking Water from Radon Gas

Jastaniah¹,

Shakhreet²,

Abbas³

2014

OJBIPHY

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“…Radon in drinking water is considered a health risk only when it is released from water and contributes to airborne radon-222. The progeny of radon-222 are known to cause lung cancer when inhaled (Lowry and Lowry, 1988). Activities of radon-222 ranged from 97 to 4,200 pCi/L; the median was 590 pCi/L (table 32).…”

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware

Vogel¹,

Reif²

1993

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The 54-square-mile Red Clay Creek Basin, located in the lower Delaware River Basin, is underlain primarily by metamorphic rocks that range from Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic in age. Ground water flows through secondary openings in fractured crystalline rock and through primary openings below the water table in the overlying saprolite. Secondary porosity and permeability vary with hydrogeologic unit, topographic setting, and depth. Thirty-nine percent of the water-bearing zones are encountered within 100 feet of the land surface, and 79 percent are within 200 feet. The fractured crystalline rock and overlying saprolite act as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The water table is a subdued replica of the land surface. Local groundwater flow systems predominate in the basin, and natural groundwater discharge is to streams, comprising 62 to 71 percent of streamflow. Water budgets for 1988-90 for the 45-square-mile effective drainage area above the Wooddale, Del., streamflow-measurement station show that annual precipitation ranged from 43.59 to 59.14 inches and averaged 49.81 inches, annual streamflow ranged from 15.35 to 26.33 inches and averaged 20.24 inches, and annual evapotranspiration ranged from 27.87 to 30.43 inches and averaged 28.98 inches. The crystalline rocks of the Red Clay Creek Basin were simulated two-dimensionally as a single aquifer under unconfined conditions. The model was calibrated for short-term steady-state conditions on November 2,1990. Recharge was 8.32 inches per year. Values of aquifer hydraulic conductivity in hillside topographic settings ranged from 0.07 to 2.60 feet per day. Values of streambed hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.08 to 26.0 feet per day. Prior to simulations where groundwater development was increased, the calibrated steady-state model was modified to approximate long-term average conditions in the basin. Base flow of 11.98 inches per year and a groundwater evapotranspiration rate of 2.17 inches per year were simulated by the model. Different combinations of groundwater supply and wastewater-disposal plans were simulated to assess their effects on the stream-aquifer system. Six of the simulations represent an increase in population of 14,283 and water use of 1.07 million gallons per day. One simulation represents an increase in population of 28,566 and water use of 2.14 million gallons per day. Reduction of average base flow is greatest for development plans with wastewater removed from the basin through sewers and is proportional to the amount of water removed from the basin. The development plan that had the least effect on water levels and base flow included on-lot wells and on-lot septic systems. Five organochlorine insecticides lindane, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, and methoxychlor were detected in ground water. Four organophosphorus insecticides malathion, parathion, diazinon, and phorate were detected in ground water. Four volatile organic compounds-benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene were detected in ground water. Phenol was...

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“…The use of radionuclides as tracers of water age depends on measurable activity in source and treated waters. − Moreover, the ingrowth or decay of the tracer nuclide must be on a time scale that is proportional to water movement and age in the community water system. Using these criteria, we chose to examine naturally occurring daughter/parent activities of yttrium-90/strontium-90 ( 90 Y/ 90 Sr) and thorium-234/uranium-238 ( 234 Th/ 238 U).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Naturally Occurring Radionuclides To Determine Drinking Water Age in a Community Water System

Waples

Bordewyk

Knesting

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Drinking water quality in a community water system is closely linked to the age of water from initial treatment to time of delivery. However, water age is difficult to measure with conventional chemical tracers; particularly in stagnant water, where the relationship between disinfectant decay, microbial growth, and water age is poorly understood. Using radionuclides that were naturally present in source water, we found that measured activity ratios of (90)Y/(90)Sr and (234)Th/(238)U in discrete drinking water samples of known age accurately estimated water age up to 9 days old (σest: ± 3.8 h, P < 0.0001, r(2) = 0.998, n = 11) and 25 days old (σest: ± 13.3 h, P < 0.0001, r(2) = 0.996, n = 12), respectively. Moreover, (90)Y-derived water ages in a community water system (6.8 × 10(4) m(3) d(-1) capacity) were generally consistent with water ages derived from an extended period simulation model. Radionuclides differ from conventional chemical tracers in that they are ubiquitous in distribution mains and connected premise plumbing. The ability to measure both water age and an analyte (e.g., chemical or microbe) in any water sample at any time allows for new insight into factors that control drinking water quality.

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Radionuclides in Drinking Water

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

A Mitigating Technique for the Treatment of Small Volumes Drinking Water from Radon Gas

A Mitigating Technique for the Treatment of Small Volumes Drinking Water from Radon Gas

Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Red Clay Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware

Using Naturally Occurring Radionuclides To Determine Drinking Water Age in a Community Water System

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