Radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals for single-photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography and radiotherapy in Russia

Abstract

The current status of the manufacture of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic application in Russia is discussed, consideration being given to various aspects of the production and distribution of radionuclides, radioisotope generators and kits as well as individual radiopharmaceuticals in different regions of the country. The major focus is on the recent developments in production technologies for therapeutic and single-photon emission tomography radionuclides, technetium chemistry and synthetic approaches for the labelling of compounds with short-lived positron emitters. The status of positron emission tomography and its application are considered. The major factors restricting the expansion of nuclear imaging techniques and radiotherapy in Russia are also discussed.

Molecular recognition of pertechnetate and perrhenate

“…It is particularly useful in positron emission tomography. 17 In fact, the production of technetium chemotherapeutic agents continues to grow by ca. 10-15% on a yearly basis.…”

Thallium Transfer from Hydrochloric Acid Media into Pure Ionic Liquids

“…According to this study, the world demand for this metal is expected to grow slowly through 2018, due to stable needs from different industries, such as liquid crystal display fabrication, the fiber optic industry , and glass lens production . One of the largest applications of thallium is the production of contrast agents for cardiological imaging exams by healthcare companies. − An accompanying problem of thallium production is its toxicity − and environment pollution. − Thallium is a highly poisonous − and biogeochemically mobile metal. − Such behavior is explained by the fact that monovalent thallium is chemically similar to potassium due to their similar ionic radii. , The toxicity of Tl­(III) (also found in the environment) is higher than that of thermodynamically stable Tl­(I). , Thus, the content of thallium in environmental systems has to be strongly regulated and controlled. A previous study reviewed worldwide standards for thallium contamination levels in soil (Canada and Switzerland, 1 mg/kg); occupational exposure limits in air (Argentina, Mexico, United States, Canada, U.K., and Germany, 0.1 mg/m 3 , and Russia, 0.01 mg/m 3 ); and maximum contaminant levels in drinking water (United States, 2 mg/m 3 ).…”

Industrial radionuclide generators: a potential step towards accelerating radiotracer investigations in industry

“…[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The current importance and success of clinical nuclear medicine is due to the availability of radionuclide generators, especially the 99 Mo/ 99m Tc generator. [23][24][25][26][27] A number of other generator technologies have sufficiently matured and are available on either research or commercial basis to meet nuclear medicine demands. These include the 68 Ge/ 68 Ga, 90 Sr/ 90 Y and 188 W/ 188 Re generators.…”

“…There is extensive information available on the fabrication of clinical radionuclide generators which has resulted from research conducted over the last 60 years. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] These methods can generally be effectively adapted for preparation of more robust IRGs, focused on the types of daughter radionuclides required for industrial tracer applications.…”