Radiometric Partial Discharge Detection: A Review

Abstract

One of the most common failures or breakdowns that can occur in high-voltage (HV) equipment is due to partial discharges (PDs). This occurs as a result of inadequate insulation, aging, harsh environmental effects, or manufacturing flaws. PD detection and recognition methods have gained growing attention and have seen great progress in the past decades. Radiometric methods are one of the most investigated detection approaches due to their immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and their capabilities to detect and locate PD activities in different applications such as transformers, cables, etc. Several review articles have been published to classify and categorize these works. Nonetheless, some concepts are missing, and some improvement techniques, such as PD detection at high-frequency (HF) and very high-frequency (VHF), have been overlooked. We present in this paper an exhaustive review study of state-of-the-art PD detection based on radiometric methods at different usable radiofrequency bands (i.e., HF, VHF, and UHF). Accordingly, we propose a new generic categorization approach based on the detected electromagnetic wave component (magnetic or electric fields) and pick-up location, either from free space or ground cable.

A Review on the Classification of Partial Discharges in Medium-Voltage Cables: Detection, Feature Extraction, Artificial Intelligence-Based Classification, and Optimization Techniques

“…Capacitive, inductive, and resonant antennas are among the most common equipment used for detecting UHF signals. The charge acceleration and slowdown during the discharge of PD events results in UHF signals [5]. Although the UHF technique offers strong detection sensitivity, the main problem of its utilization is the lack of a dependable calibration technique.…”

“…A wound toroidal ferromagnetic is used in HFCT sensors, which uses the magnetic field to detect PD pulses. A magnetic core may cause HFCT sensors to become saturated if they are positioned near a phase conductor with a high phase current, despite their good frequency bandwidth and sensitivity [1,5].…”

“…Based on the same principle (Faraday's law) as the HFCT sensor, an RC sensor senses the current pulses linked to the PD and generates a proportional output by measuring the time derivative of those pulses. Together with the mutual inductance between the coil and the conductor, this variable current generates a magnetic field that connects the coil's secondary and results in a voltage that is directly proportional to changes in the conductor's current [5,35]. The RC is an induction sensor with an air core.…”

“…The key components of the pattern recognition of PD sources are signal processingbased feature extraction techniques and artificial intelligence (AI)-based classification techniques. In the literature, several techniques have been used for detecting and classifying PD sources [5]. For the analysis to be more effective, the feature extraction stage provides relevant data (variables).…”

Effect of Interplay between Parallel and Perpendicular Magnetic and Electric Fields on Partial Discharges

“…The most common types of discharges refer to either internal discharges in gaseous inclusions inside solid dielectrics, surface discharges, and discharges in insulating liquids or external corona [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. There are various methods for PD detection based on direct measurements, capacitive coupling, or radiometric methods Energies 2023, 16, 4847 2 of 16 at different radiofrequency bands, i.e., high frequency (HF), very high frequency (VHF), and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) [18].…”