Radiolysis-Induced Crystallization of Sodium Chloride in Acetone by Electron Beam Irradiation

Abstract

Abstract

Early Detection of Nucleation Events From Solution in LC-TEM by Machine Learning

“…As a result, there is a difference between the dissolved amount and the solubility, and the supersaturation to solid becomes larger. In our case, the solubility remains unchanged, but the dissolved amount increase: Cl − ions are produced by radiolysis of Cl ions in the solution as suggested in Yamazaki and Kimura (2021) . Since the amount of Cl − ions increases, the supersaturation of NaCl crystals to acetone solution increases.…”

“…The growth rate V of the stem of the NaCl crystals under the dose rate F is written as V = K ′ F 1/2 , where the effective kinetic coefficient K ′ is ∼8.5 electron −1/2 nm 2 s 1/2 (Figure 6 in Yamazaki and Kimura (2021) ]. When the dose rate is substituted as 310 electrons nm −2 s−1 , the growth rate is obtained as 150 nm s −1 , which is very different from our observed growth rate of 9.5 nm s −1 .…”

“…The effective dose rate appears to be reduced by the presence of molecular sieves in the solution. Because the crystal shown in Figure 6 in Yamazaki and Kimura (2021) is sufficiently large, the effective dose rate in Figure 1 is estimated as 1.2 electrons nm −2 s −1 , using a obtained growth rate of 9.5 nm s −1 . Thus, the effective electron dose rate becomes 1/250 as a result of molecular sieves.…”

“…The nucleation rate indicates how many nuclei are yielded per unit area and unit time. The observed nuclei appear on amorphous silicon nitride membranes on the top and the bottom of a silicon tip ( Yamazaki and Kimura, 2021 ). The nucleation occurs in two dimensions and the area is ∼ 88 μ m 2 , when both the top and bottom surfaces of the membrane are considered.…”

“…Our transmission electron microscope is equipped with a field-emission gun (JEM-2100F, JEOL, Tokyo) operated at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV and a CMOS camera (Flash, EM-Z15327TCMOS; JEOL, Tokyo). The sample video captured the radiolysis-induced nucleation of sodium chloride (NaCl) from a saturated acetone solution of sodium chlorate (NaClO 3 ) ( Yamazaki and Kimura, 2021 ). As Cl − ions were produced from Cl ions by radiolysis, the abundant Na + ions and the produced Cl − ions formed a supersaturate state for NaCl crystals.…”