Radiographic Measurements of the Normal Adult Foot

Steel, Maxwell W.; Johnson, Kenneth A.; Dewitz, Myrna; Ilstrup, Duane M.

doi:10.1177/107110078000100304

Cited by 248 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A consensus-building session to select and define the radiographic parameters was held by five orthopaedic surgeons (MSP, KML, KHS, SGS, BA), who had orthopaedic experience of 13, 11, 9, 4, and 2 years, respectively. Previous studies were reviewed [3,6,13,[24][25][26][27], and five parameters that were considered to have clinical relevance in quantifying planovalgus foot deformity were selected for the radiographic measurements. Additionally, two indices were developed to evaluate the relative calcaneal length and calcaneocuboid subluxation after calcaneal lengthening osteotomy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calcaneal pitch angle was the angle between a line drawn along the edge of the plantar soft tissue shadow and a line drawn along the lower margin of the calcaneus [25]. The lateral talocalcaneal angle was the angle between a line drawn along the lower margin of the calcaneus and a line drawn through the midpoints of the talar head and neck [26].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcaneal Lengthening for Planovalgus Foot Deformity in Patients With Cerebral Palsy

Sung

Chung

Lee

et al. 2013

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background Calcaneal lengthening has been used to correct planovalgus foot deformities in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). Questions/purposes This study was performed to investigate the amount of correction that can be achieved after calcaneal lengthening for the treatment of a planovalgus deformity in patients with CP and to provide cutoff values based on the preoperative radiographic measurements that suggest additional procedures to achieve satisfactory correction. Methods Seventy-five consecutive patients with CP who underwent calcaneal lengthening for planovalgus deformity were included. Radiographic indices were measured on preoperative and latest followup weightbearing foot radiographs. The cutoff values of the preoperative radiographic measurements between the corrected and undercorrected groups were analyzed. The cutoff values are the reference values that can judge the possibilities of sufficient correction of a planovalgus deformity by calcaneal lengthening. Results The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 11.0 ± 5.2 years and the minimum followup was 1.0 years (mean, 3.1 ± 2.2 years; range, 1.0-8.4 years). AP talus-first metatarsal angle, calcaneal pitch angle, talocalcaneal angle, lateral talus-first metatarsal angle, and naviculocuboid overlap showed major improvements after calcaneal lengthening. The cutoff values of preoperative measurements between the corrected and undercorrected groups were 23°AP talus-first metatarsal angle, 36°lateral talus-first metatarsal angle, and 72% naviculocuboid overlap. Conclusions Calcaneal lengthening with concomitant peroneus brevis lengthening is an effective procedure for correcting a planovalgus foot deformity in patients with CP. However, for patients with greater than 23°AP talusfirst metatarsal angle, 36°lateral talus-first metatarsal angle, and 72% naviculocuboid overlap, additional procedures for medial stabilization, such as tibialis posterior tendon reefing and talonavicular arthrodesis, should be considered as a result of the possibility of undercorrection with calcaneal lengthening alone.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcaneal Lengthening for Planovalgus Foot Deformity in Patients With Cerebral Palsy

Sung

Chung

Lee

et al. 2013

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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“…2) falls within a normal range for adults. [15][16][17][18] Despite the experimental nature of this study, one immediate application taken from this research is that future study of MPD and hallux valgus should employ methods that capture the 3-D spatial relationship of the anatomy of the foot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the selection of the proximal point of reference is dependent on method, 14 MPD averages between plus or minus 2 millimeters (mm) in adults. [1][2][3][4][5][6][15][16][17][18] A positive value indicates protrusion of the first metatarsal. 15,19 Metatarsal protrusion distance was measured in this study using a technique called for by LaPorta et al, 16 but with modification to record the relative difference in the actual length of the first and second rays.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Imaged-Based Three-Dimensional Study of First Metatarsal Protrusion Distance in Women with and Without Hallux Valgus

Rodriguez

Pioske

Glasoe

2017

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association

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Background: First metatarsal protrusion distance (MPD) has been commonly studied as a characteristic of hallux valgus deformity. To date, the majority of investigations have used radiographic methods, with most reporting first metatarsal (ray) protrusion to be associated with deformity. As an alternative, this study used a three-dimensional (3-D) image acquisition and data analysis method to quantify MPD.

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“…The basic requirement was to have a clear radiographic image of the middle and forefoot. The beam was angled at 15º in relation to the vertical plane, in the cranial direction, as suggested by the great majority of authors, and a film holder measuring 24 cm x 30 cm was used (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) . During image acquisition, the subject remained in an upright standing position, with equal weight distribution between the feet, and the beam focus was centered between the navicular bones (7,13) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avaliação da relação dos metatarsais na biomecânica de 332 pés normais pelo método de mensuração dos seus comprimentos relativos

Barroco¹,

Nery

Favero³

et al. 2011

Rev. bras. ortop.

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Objective: To identify the mean normal length of the metatarsals and the most common metatarsal formulas through a simple measurement method, thereby providing surgeons with data for planning treatment on symptomatic individuals with biometric abnormalities of the foot. Methods: We evaluated and measured dorsoplantar weight-bearing radiographs of normal adult feet (83 males and 83 females). Results: We found relative mean lengths for metatarsus I of 125.4 mm for males and 115.1 mm for females; for metatarsus II, 127.8 mm for males and 117. 105.3 mm for females; for metatarsus V, 99.5 mm for males and 91.7 mm for females. The mean forefoot width was 87.1 mm for males and 80.8 mm for females. Conclusion: Feet with index minus occurred most frequently in both sexes, although all three metatarsal formulas can be considered to be normal patterns. The mean normal pattern for males and females respectively was the following: metatarsus I 2.4 mm and 2.2 mm shorter than metatarsus II; metatarsus III 4.4 mm and 3.8 mm shorter than metatarsus II; metatarsus IV 9.2 mm and 8.2 mm shorter than metatarsus III; metatarsus V 14.7 mm and 13.6 mm shorter than metatarsus IV.

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Radiographic Measurements of the Normal Adult Foot

Cited by 248 publications

References 2 publications

Calcaneal Lengthening for Planovalgus Foot Deformity in Patients With Cerebral Palsy

Calcaneal Lengthening for Planovalgus Foot Deformity in Patients With Cerebral Palsy

An Imaged-Based Three-Dimensional Study of First Metatarsal Protrusion Distance in Women with and Without Hallux Valgus

Avaliação da relação dos metatarsais na biomecânica de 332 pés normais pelo método de mensuração dos seus comprimentos relativos

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