Radiofrequency catheter ablation of cranial vena cava flutter in four dogs

Localization and characterization of atrial depolarization waves on the surface electrocardiogram in dogs with rapid supraventricular tachycardia

“…Group 1 was represented by dogs with OAVRT that were diagnosed based on previously established electrophysiological criteria 3,4 . Group 2 represented dogs affected by AFL 5‐7 . Dogs with sustained FAT were included in the third group 8 .…”

“…3,4 Group 2 represented dogs affected by AFL. [5][6][7] Dogs with sustained FAT were included in the third group. 8 The fourth group included dogs with permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT).…”

“…It has therefore included tachycardias such as orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (OAVRT), which is not, in essence, a supraventricular rhythm. 1 Specifically, sinus tachycardia (ST) is related to an enhanced normal automaticity of sinus pacemaker cells 2 ; OAVRT results from the presence of an accessory pathway, which contributes to the formation of an anatomical macroreentrant atrioventricular (AV) circuit 3,4 ; atrial flutter (AFL) is an SVT that is perpetuated by large anatomical macroreentrant circuits in the right atrium or in the cranial vena cava [5][6][7] ; focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) originates from ectopic foci in the atria or in the veins that are directly connected to the atria and are typically automatic 8 and focal junctional tachycardia results from enhanced automaticity or triggered activity in the junctional area. 9 Lastly, atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardia (AVNRT) develops along an anatomical reentry circuit that includes the AV node and the surrounding atrial tissue, 1 but has not been documented to occur spontaneously in the dog.…”