Abstract. p19INK4D belongs to the family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CdkIs) that target the cyclin-dependent kinases and inhibit their catalytic activity. The role of p19 INK4D in cell cycle progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of p19 INK4D
IntroductionHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death due to its high frequency and poor prognosis. In spite of the development of various treatments for HCCs, such as, surgical resection and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and percutaneous radiofrequency (RFA), the 5-year survival rate for all stages of HCC has remained less than 60% (1,2). In general, prognostic evaluation is mainly based on the clinical factors, such as, histopathological stage, clinical stage, tumor size, and tumor numbers. In addition, some studies (3,4) including our reports (5,6) have suggested that other factors, such as the molecular characteristics of the tumor, may offer novel approaches to the identification of groups of patients that could benefit from more aggressive treatment.Cyclins, cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) and Cdk inhibitors (CdkIs) are frequently altered in human cancers (7-9). In mammalian cells, to date, at least 2 distinct families of CdkIs are known. The inhibitor of Cdk4 (INK4) , which specifically inhibit cyclin D-related kinase activity by binding to . The other known CdkI family, the p21 family, consists of p21, p27 KIP1, and p57 KIP2 , which are general inhibitors of the G1 to S transition in the cell cycle (13,15). At clinical involvement, the loss of the expression of KIP family members' p21 CIP1 , and p27 KIP1 has recently been shown to be associated with poor prognosis for various human cancers (16-21). p57 KIP2 is also correlated with the differentiation and prognosis for patients with HCC (5). p16 INK4A and p19
INK4D, members of the INK4 family, are the most extensively studied in various human cancers including HCC with respect to the clinical significance (3,4,12,14,22