“…The study revealed that conductivity, sediment, total suspended solids, total solids, salinity, total hardness, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Fe) excelled the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum permissible value in surface water around sand mining areas of the Warri River. It was observed that population explosion, growing economy, unsustainable form of resource consumption is putting pressure on land, water, and other forms of natural resources (Banerjee et al, 2021); Sand mining provides revenues through the sale of sand commodities, skill diverseness, and employment possibilities in Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana (Mutisya 2006;Musa 2009). Many individuals in the global South now work in the sand mining sector, according to studies (Padmalal et al, 2008;Akanwa and Ikegbunam 2019;Akanwa 2020;Stebbins 2006;Dagodzi 2010).…”