Radioactive Depth Marker Emplacement and Survey for Early Subsurface Geomechanical Model Calibration: Learnings from a Successful Ultra-HPHT Deployment

Abstract

Summary Ultra-high-pressure high-temperature (uHPHT) reservoirs undergo extreme pressure depletion during their production life cycle. This results in significant reservoir compaction and consequent overburden subsidence with major consequences for wellbore mechanical integrity, safety, and field economics. However, the use of underdetermined geomechanical models to accurately predict compaction-induced stress/strain changes on wellbores and its consequences during production time results in significant residual uncertainty. One method of measuring compaction-induced stress/strain changes in wellbore is by the emplacement and measurement of radioactive markers. Although it is long established in normal pressure reservoirs, it is rare in uHPHT projects. The Culzean uHPHT gas-condensate field is located in the UK Central North Sea. To constrain geomechanical model compaction uncertainty, radioactive markers were deployed. The objective was to accurately acquire preproduction baseline measurements and subsequent changes through periodic measurements during production life. These accurate wellbore measurements would then be compared with the geomechanical model to help calibrate predicted to actual compaction. By doing so, the objective is to enable better informed decisions regarding well and field management. The Culzean uHPHT radioactive marker project comprised a planning phase and a preproduction safe deployment including a baseline survey phase. Subsequent repeat measurements are planned during field production life. The emplacement and surveying of the subsurface radioactive markers for compaction monitoring in uHPHT reservoirs is a high value but nontrivial operation. In addition, much knowledge and experience of the methodology has been lost. This paper contributes to published literature by describing the successful emplacement and monitoring of subsurface radioactive markers on Culzean and aims to capture learnings and knowledge for future workers. Early detailed planning coupled with extensive testing is key to successful deployment. Timely engagement of all stakeholders and ensuring all decisions are aligned with safety and environmental considerations also contribute to realization of the project aims.

A Review of Subsidence Monitoring Techniques in Offshore Environments

“…Direct measurement techniques Section 3.1 Hydrostatic leveling Section 3.1.1 [24][25][26][27] Casing collar deformation analysis Section 3.1.2 [28,29] Hydrographic techniques Section 3.2 Bathymetry Section 3.2.1 [30][31][32][33] Air gap measurements Section 3.2.2 [33][34][35] Radar water-level measurements Section 3.2.3 [33,36] Radioactive marker technique (RMT) Section 3.3 [8,[37][38][39][40] Well logging Section 3.4 Electric log data Section 3.4.1 [41] Formation-compaction monitoring tool (FCMT) Section 3.4.2 [42] Tiltmeters Section 3.5 [43][44][45][46][47] Fiber optic cables Section 3.6 [48] Fugro-proposed tools Section 3.6.1 [43] Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor Section 3.6.2 [43,49] Time-lapse gravimetry and pressure Section 3.7 [43,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Agisco compensator Section 3.8 [43] Microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) Section 3.9 [57][58][59] Remote sensing Section 3.10 InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture RADAR) Section 3.10.1…”

“…This strategic intervention serves a dual purpose: it reduces the effects of compaction while boosting the productivity of the reservoir [23]. Casing collar deformation analysis Section 3.1.2 [28,29] Hydrographic techniques Section 3.2 Bathymetry Section 3.2.1 [30][31][32][33] Air gap measurements Section 3.2.2 [33][34][35] Radar water-level measurements Section 3.2.3 [33,36] Radioactive marker technique (RMT) Section 3.3 [8,[37][38][39][40] Well logging Section 3.4…”

“…Although the RMT had modest beginnings within the context of the Champion oil field offshore Brunei, its subsequent adoption extended to significant fields such as the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands and fields characterized by considerable subsidence like the Ekofisk field in Norway, as documented by [41]. Notably, its applicability also expanded to the Gulf of Mexico [37,39,40] In the realm of the Italian Adriatic offshore, the scenario evolved due to the authorization granted by the Italian ministry for the development of offshore gas reservoirs situated in proximity to the coastline. Given the geographical proximity to the coastline, the companies operating in this area are forced to undertake both environmental risk assessments and subsidence monitoring (art.…”

“…Although the RMT had modest beginnings within the context of the Champion oil field offshore Brunei, its subsequent adoption extended to significant fields such as the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands and fields characterized by considerable subsidence like the Ekofisk field in Norway, as documented by [41]. Notably, its applicability also expanded to the Gulf of Mexico [37,39,40] Figure 6. Conceptual model of the radioactive marker technique (RMT).…”