Radioactive Aerosols

Chamberlain, A. C.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511524820

Cited by 69 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the calculations of deposition velocity seem to be significantly smaller than the measured values. This particle size range includes the crucial radionuclides such as cesium and particulate iodine, 38,39) as well as the major atmospheric organic (e.g., black carbon) and inorganic compounds (e.g., sulfates and nitrates). As suggested by Reference 40. the processes of particle collection, such as hygroscopic particle growth, electrostatic forces, and thermo-and diffusio-phoresis, may affect the deposition velocity at this range.…”

Section: Particle Deposition Onto the Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Model for Investigation of Radioactive Materials Transport in the Terrestrial Biosphere

Katata

Nagai

Zhang

et al. 2011

Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology

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In order to investigate the transport of radionuclides in the terrestrial biosphere we have developed a one-dimensional numerical model named SOLVEG that predicts the transfer of water, heat, and gaseous and particulate matters in the atmosphere-vegetation-soil system. SOLVEG represents the atmosphere, the soil, and the vegetation as an aggregation of several layers. Basic equations used in the model are solved using the finite difference method. Most of the predicted variables are interrelated with the source/sink terms of momentum, water, heat, gases, and particles based on mathematically described biophysical processes in atmosphere, soil and vegetation. SOLVEG can calculate the deposition of gaseous compounds and particulates, including fog droplets, at each canopy layer. Performance tests of SOLVEG were carried out with several observational sites. SOLVEG predicted well the observed temporal changes in water vapor and CO 2 fluxes, and the deposition velocity of O 3 and SO 2 at the vegetation surface, mainly driven by photosynthesis. SOLVEG also reproduced measured fluxes of fog droplets (diameter > 1 m) and of fine aerosols (diameter < 1 m) over a coniferous forest.

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Section: Particle Deposition Onto the Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Model for Investigation of Radioactive Materials Transport in the Terrestrial Biosphere

Katata

Nagai

Zhang

et al. 2011

Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology

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“…The "stickiness" of the particle surfaces changes the fraction of particles that will actually be deposited on the surface. For example, experimental data show that Lycopodium spores tend to be stickier than fly ash particles (Chamberlain 1991).…”

Section: Particle Surface Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Friedlander (2000) and Seinfeld and Pandis (1998) described the underlying concepts and provide a foundation for understanding dry deposition from the standpoint of aerosol properties and processes. Chamberlain (1991) provided a detailed review of the processes controlling the fate of radioactive aerosols in the atmosphere. A literature review of reported rates of dry deposition and suspension conducted for a wide range of applications was provided by Sehmel (1980).…”

Section: Modeling Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These smaller particles are of particular concern for inhalation-pathway hazards (Chamberlain 1991). For the particles in the intermediate range, a combination of inertial and gravitational effects acts on the particles and results in higher deposition rates.…”

Section: Settling Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chamberlain (1991) proposed a relationship to quantify the fraction of radioactivity retained in foliage:…”

Section: Chamberlain Foliage Interception Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Formulations for Air-Surface Exchanges Related to National Security Needs: Dry Deposition Models

Droppo¹

2006

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SummaryThe Department of Homeland Security and others rely on results from atmospheric dispersion models for threat evaluation, event management, and post-event analyses. The ability to simulate dry deposition rates is a crucial part of our emergency preparedness capabilities. Deposited materials pose potential hazards from radioactive shine, inhalation, and ingestion pathways. A reliable characterization of these potential exposures is critical for management and mitigation of these hazards.A review was conducted of the current status of dry deposition formulations used in these atmospheric dispersion models. The formulations for dry deposition of particulate materials considered an event such as a radiological attack involving a Radiological Detonation Device (RDD). The results of this effort are applicable to current emergency preparedness capabilities, such as are deployed in the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center (IMAAC), other similar national/regional emergency response systems, and stand-alone emergency response models.The review concludes that dry deposition formulations need to consider the full range of particle sizes, including: 1) the accumulation mode range (0.1 to 1 micron in diameter) and its minimum deposition velocity, 2) smaller particles (less than 0.01 micron diameter) deposited mainly by molecular diffusion, 3) 10 to 50 micron diameter particles deposited mainly by impaction and gravitational settling, and 4) larger particles (greater than 100 micron diameter) deposited mainly by gravitational settling. The effects of the local turbulence intensity, particle characteristics, and surface element properties must also be addressed in the formulations.Specific improvements recommended for dry deposition formulations are 1) the capability of simulating near-field dry deposition patterns, 2) the capability of addressing the full range of potential particle properties, 3) the incorporation of particle surface retention/rebound processes, and 4) the development of dry deposition formulations applicable to urban areas. Also, to improve dry deposition modeling capabilities, atmospheric dispersion models in which the dry deposition formulations are imbedded need better source-term plume initialization and improved in-plume treatment of particle growth processes.Dry deposition formulations used in current models are largely inapplicable to the complex urban environment. An improved capability is urgently needed to provide surface-specific information to assess local-exposure hazard levels in both urban and non-urban areas on roads, buildings, crops, rivers, etc.A model improvement plan is developed with a near-term and far-term component. Despite some conceptual limitations, the current formulations for particle deposition based on a resistance approach have proven to be reasonable dry deposition simulations. For many models with inadequate dry deposition formulations, adding or improving a resistance approach will be the desirable near-term update. Resistance models, however, are i...

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Aerosols, atmospheric transmissivity and hydrological modelling of climatic change over Africa south of the equator

Tyson¹,

Gasse²,

Bouchet³

et al. 1997

Int. J. Climatol.

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Radioactive Aerosols

Cited by 69 publications

References 0 publications

Development of an Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Model for Investigation of Radioactive Materials Transport in the Terrestrial Biosphere

Development of an Atmosphere-Soil-Vegetation Model for Investigation of Radioactive Materials Transport in the Terrestrial Biosphere

Improved Formulations for Air-Surface Exchanges Related to National Security Needs: Dry Deposition Models

Aerosols, atmospheric transmissivity and hydrological modelling of climatic change over Africa south of the equator

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