Radio Wave Propagation Prediction Based on 3-D Building Structures Extracted From 2-D Images

In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across multiple domains based on a comprehensive literature study including hundreds of research papers, technical reports and online resources. A challenge in a study such as ours is that the ways in which 3D city models are used cannot be readily listed due to fuzziness, terminological ambiguity, unclear added-value of 3D geoinformation in some instances, and absence of technical information. To address this challenge, we delineate a hierarchical terminology (spatial operations, use cases, applications), and develop a theoretical reasoning to segment and categorise the diverse uses of 3D city models. Following this framework, we provide a list of identified use cases of 3D city models (with a description of each), and their applications. Our study demonstrates that 3D city models are employed in at least 29 use cases that are a part of more than 100 applications. The classified inventory could be useful for scientists as well as stakeholders in the geospatial industry, such as companies and national mapping agencies, as it may serve as a reference document to better position their operations, design product portfolios, and to better understand the market.

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“…Subsequent estimations of the propagation of radio-waves in an urban environment regularly include 3D city models (e.g., [311][312][313][314]). …”

Section: Radio-wave Propagationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Biljecki

Stoter

Ledoux

et al. 2015

IJGI

618

380

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“…The new method is composed of two procedures: the determination of building heights and the determination of building footprints. The new method is simple and more accurate than the one proposed in [3]. Moreover, no fine-tuning is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…We have developed a simple method for extracting the 3D building structures based on rectified aerial photographs [3]. The method is useful in many cases, but the accuracy deteriorates when the distortion of buildings caused by rectifications is severe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Geospatial Resources for Radio Propagation Prediction in Urban Areas

Yun

Lim

Iskander

2009

Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.

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A method for extracting the three-dimensional (3D) building structures using their single-view images available on the Internet/cyberspace is described. Height measurement technique is combined with two-dimensional (2D) projective transformation to obtain the 3D building information. It is shown that the reconstruction method is accurate for path-loss calculations using ray-tracing algorithms. Simulated path losses/gains are compared to results in literature, and good agreement is observed. The effect of building footprint and height inaccuracies on path-loss calculations is also examined and is found to result in errors within the common error range between experimental measurements and ray-tracing predictions.

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“…In [1] we developed a simple method to reconstruct 3D building structures using 2D images provided by Google Earth. The method has good accuracy but is applicable only when the walls and the rooftops are clearly visible in the image and the rectification of the image does not distort too much of the building structures to be reconstructed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%