To enhance the output power of thermoelectric generation, a strategy for the energy control of the thermoelectric power generation system is proposed, which involves the rational control and allocation of its output energy. The system includes a thermoelectric battery, DCDC converter, controller, storage battery, and DC load. The system completes energy control based on the relationship between the power generation and load power. The system adopts the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, which obtains the maximum output power of the thermoelectric battery by changing the duty cycle of the converter, thus improving the output power and working efficiency of the thermoelectric power generation system. To protect the storage battery and extend its service life, the system adopts a charging management method that combines MPPT charging, constant current charging, and constant voltage charging, making it more scientific and reasonable. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed energy control management strategy are verified through actual experimental results.