“…In this constricted private setting, the intrusive effects of a live observer are especially apparent. For these reasons, several investigators have pioneered development of mechanical recording devices for obtaining naturalistic behavioral data (e.g., Bernal, Gibson, William, and Pesses, 1971;Hoshiko and Holloway, 1968;Nordquist, 1971;Purcell and Brady, 1965;Soskin and John, 1963 server present. In short, this study compared the behavior of children and parents at home as recorded by audiotape recordings in two conditions: with an observer present and with the observer absent.…”