Radio Occultation Method for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere

Abstract

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Ionospheric electron density observed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC over the European region and validated by ionosonde data

“…radiosonde and other satellite observations), ionosphere studies (layered structures of the F and E layers and global distribution of the sporadic Es layers) and geodesy (e.g. Kirchengast et al 2004;Liou et al 2010).…”

Radio Wave Propagation Phenomena from GPS Occultation Data Analysis

“…A relationship between the derivatives of the phase, eikonal, Doppler frequency on time and intensity of radio waves propagating through the near Earth's space has been detected from both theoretical considerations and experimental analysis of the RO radio-holograms [4,5,31,[36][37][38]47]. The introduced eikonal acceleration technique can de used for locating layers in the ionosphere and atmosphere.…”

“…The radio occultation (RO) method employs the highly-stable radio waves transmitted at two GPS frequencies 1 f  1575.42 MHz and 2 f  1227.60 MHz by the GPS satellites and recorded at a GPS receiver onboard low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite to remote sense the Earth's ionosphere and neutral atmosphere [4,5,10,11,17,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]46,47,[52][53][54][55][56][59][60][61]. When applied to ionospheric investigations the RO method may be considered as a global tool and can be compared with the global Earth-and space-based radio tomography [42,43].…”

“…When the altitude of a radio link is low, changes in the vertical profiles of temperature, pressure and humidity introduce main contribution in the refraction effects. Meteorological parameters depend on the climate and weather in different geographical positions, which was the cause of origin of radio meteorology -a branch of radio science which used the weather information for analysis of the electromagnetic waves propagation conditions in radio communication and radar applications [38,57,58]. The vertical and horizontal distributions of the pressure, temperature, and humidity found from meteorological measurements are approximated by use of different models to find the altitude and spatial dependences of the refractive index, bending angle, refractive attenuation and absorption of radio waves.…”

Detection of buried objects using reflected GNSS signals

“…Applications for water vapor monitoring and atmospheric/ionospheric profiling are nowadays operatively adopted (a review is provided in [1] for ground-based applications and in [2] for space-based applications). Another application has recently emerged: the use of reflected GNSS signals to extract information about the Earth's surface, named GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) [3,4].…”