“…The success of these missions demonstrated that the RO technique is a powerful remote sensing tool for obtaining key vertical profiles of bending angle, refractivity, temperature, pressure and water vapour in the atmosphere and electron density in ionosphere with global coverage, high spatial and temporal resolution . Explicit analysis of experimental data of LEO missions introduced important contributions in the following areas: (i) the theory of radio wave propagation (Gorbunov and Gurvich, 1998a;Gorbunov et al, 2002;Benzon et al, 2003;Gorbunov and Lauritsen, 2004;Gorbunov and Kirchengast, 2005;Pavelyev et al, 2004Pavelyev et al, , 2010a; (ii) climate changes detection Steiner et al, 2001;Foelsche et al, 2008); (iii) space weather effects and ionosphere monitoring (Rius et al, 1998;Jakowski et al, 2004;Wickert et al, 2004;Arras et al, 2008Arras et al, , 2010; (iv) deriving new radio-holographic methods of the RO remote sensing (Karayel and Hinson, 1997;Mortensen and Hoeg, 1998;Pavelyev, 1998;Gorbunov and Gurvich, 1998b;Mortensen et al, 1999;Hocke et al, 1999;Sokolovskiy, 2000;Sokolovskiy et al, 2002;Gorbunov, 2002a, b;Gorbunov et al, 1996Gorbunov et al, , 2002Gorbunov et al, , 2010Igarashi et al, 2000;Jensen et al, 2003Jensen et al, , 2004Pavelyev et al, 2002Pavelyev et al, , 2004Pavelyev et al, , 2010aPavelyev et al, , b, 2012Liou et al, 2010;.…”