Radiation protection and standardization

Abstract

X-Rays has become integral and indispensable part of health care diagnosis and intervention. Intervention procedures in Orthopedics surgery now mostly performed under image intensifiers (C-Arm) which involve the risks of occupational overexposure of radiation to the patients and health care personnel. The principles of radiation protection are helpful in keeping radiation exposure just adequate for diagnostic and intervention procedures. Regular surveillance of protective apparel is necessary for longevity of safety. It is responsibility of all OT personnel to know and implement radiation safety. Each situation involving X-ray radiation should include justification of the procedure, minimum radiation exposure just adequate for diagnostic and interventional procedures.

Guide to Plant-PET Imaging Using 11CO2

“…A dosimeter is typically worn at chest-level on the outside of clothing and generally represent the exposure to the whole body. The absorbed dose is used to calculate the effective dose which takes into account the radiation type (α, β, or γ radiation) and the radio-sensitivity of the exposed organ (Turkheimer et al, 2014;Lakhwani et al, 2019). The limit on effective dose for occupational exposure (e.g., researchers performing PET studies) is regulated and should not exceed 20 millisievert (mSv) per year averaged over five consecutive years and of 50 mSv in any single year (IAEA, 2018).…”

“…Furthermore, exposure to radiation should be minimized according to the triad of “Time-Distance-Shielding” ( Lakhwani et al, 2019 ). Each factor has a different impact on the absorbed dose.…”

New-old methods of reducing and monitoring x-ray exposure in the interventional radiology environment

“…W artykułach uwzględnionych w niniejszym przeglądzie widać szerokie zainteresowanie tą tematyką, a wiele cytowanych w nim badań dotyczyło ekspozycji, m.in. w środowisku interwencyjnym [1][2][3][4].…”

“…Lakhwani i wsp. [2] odnotowali, że w wielu państwach na świecie, w tym w Indiach, rośnie świadomość ryzyka związanego ze stosowaniem promieniowania RTG w medycynie, czemu towarzyszy wzrost znaczenia ochrony przed promieniowaniem i prowadzenia badań z zakresu ochrony radiologicznej. Badacze podają dane o blisko 2,5 mld przypadków w skali roku wykorzystania promieniowania RTG w samej tylko diagnostyce medycznej [2].…”

Multifiller nanocomposites containing gadolinium oxide and bismuth nanoparticles with enhanced X‐ray attenuation property

“…1,2 Lead based aprons, gloves, thyroid collar, gonad shield are widely used for diagnostic X-ray shielding applications. [2][3][4] Due to the harmful effects of lead, there is an increasing need for the replacement of lead based diagnostic X-ray shielding material with lightweight, non-toxic, and efficient X-ray attenuating materials. 5,6 Dental scan (mandible), mammography and computed tomography (CT) scan, such as, for lungs, and so on are very common diagnostic X-ray techniques.…”