Radiation Pattern of a 2.4/ 5.2GHz Laptop Internal Antenna: Near Field Spherical Range Measurements and Full Wave Analysis

User interaction with inverted-F antennas integrated into laptop PCMCIA cards

“…It is worth to mention that, although only simulation results are presented in this paper, the models used have been validated by experimental results in other very similar problems [1], [2], [8].…”

“…Laptop housing effects have been already investigated for both plug-in [1] and built-in [2] wireless interfaces. When a typical scenario of laptop operation is considered, the user makes indispensably part of the antenna neighborhood.…”

Wrapped Microstrip Antennas for Laptop Computers

“…In general, mechanically less-robust retractable antennas are substituted for by internal antennas, invisible to the user [10]. 14 Low profile: To mmirmze radiation from very high speed electronics, today's laptop computers are equipped with conducting covers or metallic shields, just inside the plastic covers [10]. This condition, imposed by FCC Part 15 Subpart B emission requirements, significantly affects the antenna design, as it is difficult to place an antenna in an environment free enough of other conductors to create an efficient radiator.…”

“…Typical laptop terminals have a clamshell form, comprised of a keyboard (chassis) and a display (lid), with maximum dimensions in the range of several free-space wavelengths (for WPAN/WLAN frequencies of operation). Due to the relatively large electrical size and the above-mentioned extensive use of conducting shields, both keyboard and screen can be approximated by metal boxes, as shown in [13][14][15]. Taking into account that the metallic surrounding limits the thickness of the available space for a radiator, microstrip antennas seem to be ideal candidates for a laptop's built-in wireless interface.…”

“…In the microwave frequency range, the laptop's keyboard base behaves as a metallic box [13,14], and can be treated as an expansion of the laptop antenna's ground plane . It significantly affects the antenna's performance, due to shielding and reflection of the electromagnetic waves radiated by the antenna.…”