Radiation-induced amorphization of crystalline ice

Famá, M.; Loeffler, M. J.; Raut, U.; Baragiola, R. A.

doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.001

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…1 . Fama et al (2010) recognized that the charged particle fluxes were much different at the two planets and predicted lower levels of amorphous ice in the Saturnian system.…”

Section: Charged Particle Bombardment Of the Inner Saturnian Satellitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While Hansen and McCord (2004) pointed out that energetic ion bombardment is only one mechanism for transforming crystalline ice to amorphous ice, the increasing crystallinity of surface ice correlating with the satellites' Jovian distance makes this mechanism a very likely explanation. Furthermore, the crystallineto-amorphous transition has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments in which water ice is bombarded with protons ( Moore and Hudson, 1992;Mastrapa and Brown, 2006;Fama et al, 2010 ). This is a useful piece of the puzzle even though the laboratory data are not all completely consistent with each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetospheric considerations for solar system ice state

Paranicas¹,

Hibbitts²,

Kollmann³

et al. 2018

Icarus

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a b s t r a c tThe current lattice configuration of the water ice on the surfaces of the inner satellites of Jupiter and Saturn is likely shaped by many factors. But laboratory experiments have found that energetic proton irradiation can cause a transition in the structure of pure water ice from crystalline to amorphous. It is not known to what extent this process is competitive with other processes in solar system contexts. For example, surface regions that are rich in water ice may be too warm for this effect to be important, even if the energetic proton bombardment rate is very high. In this paper, we make predictions, based on particle flux levels and other considerations, about where in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn the ∼MeV proton irradiation mechanism should be most relevant. Our results support the conclusions of Hansen and McCord (2004), who related relative level of radiation on the three outer Galilean satellites to the amorphous ice content within the top 1 mm of surface. We argue here that if magnetospheric effects are considered more carefully, the correlation is even more compelling. Crystalline ice is by far the dominant ice state detected on the inner Saturnian satellites and, as we show here, the flux of bombarding energetic protons onto these bodies is much smaller than at the inner Jovian satellites. Therefore, the ice on the Saturnian satellites also corroborates the correlation.

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“…1 . Fama et al (2010) recognized that the charged particle fluxes were much different at the two planets and predicted lower levels of amorphous ice in the Saturnian system.…”

Section: Charged Particle Bombardment Of the Inner Saturnian Satellitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetospheric considerations for solar system ice state

Paranicas¹,

Hibbitts²,

Kollmann³

et al. 2018

Icarus

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“…Energetic processing produces a number of effects such as sputtering (Baragiola 2005;Johnson et al 2008), structural alteration (Baratta et al 1991;Moore & Hudson 1992;Leto & Baratta 2003;Famá et al 2010) and chemical processing Strazzulla et al 2001;Jones et al 2011) that, for decades, have been simulated in the laboratory (for a recent review see Strazzulla 2011). As an example, chemical alteration leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) as demonstrated by many experimental results Gomis et al 2004;Loeffler et al 2006;Zheng et al 2006) and has been found on the surface of Europa (Carlson et al 1999), Ganymede and Callisto (Hendrix et al 1999).…”

Section: Implication For Molecular Formation and Erosion Of Solid Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory study of ion-induced erosion of ice-covered carbon grains

Sabri

Baratta

Jäger

et al. 2015

A&A

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Context. It has been confirmed that solid carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is abundantly present along the line of sight to quiescent clouds and star-forming regions via space IR observations with ISO-SWS and Spitzer Space Telescope. Since CO 2 has low abundance in the gas-phase, the assumption is that it is synthesized on grains after energetic processing of icy mantles and surface reactions. Aims. The role of solid carbon is investigated as a reservoir for molecule formation and structural modifications of the material with and without an ice layer upon ion bombardment. Methods. A gas-phase condensation technique was used to prepare a layer of 13 C amorphous grains. These grains were covered with H 2 O and O 2 ice and finally bombarded with 200 keV protons. The formation of new molecular species was analyzed using IR spectroscopy. The formation cross sections of solid 13 CO and 13 CO 2 were determined from the increase in the column density as a function of the fluence. In addition, bare carbon grains were bombarded with a comparable fluence of protons to study the processing of the grains without ice layer. Imaging techniques such as transmission electron microscopy were used to monitor the changes in the structure. Results. CO and CO 2 were formed efficiently at the interface between ice and solid carbon grains at the expense of solid carbon, leading to strong grain erosion. Given the initial thickness of our C-samples (about 120 nm), this resulted in an erosion of about 50% after 200 keV proton bombardment with 6.76 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 . The column density of CO and CO 2 follows an exponential trend as a function of the irradiation fluence. The asymptotic values obtained when O 2 ice is deposited on top of the carbon grains are about one order of magnitude higher than the values obtained when H 2 O ice is deposited on the solid carbon layer. The carbon grains were strongly graphitized upon ion bombardment in a surface layer. Less graphitization accompanied by the formation of fullerene molecules and structures from cage fragments present in the original material were observed beneath the graphitic layer. Conclusions. The formation of CO and CO 2 at the expense of solid carbon strongly restricts the lifetime of the solid carbon material and may influence the formation of more complex molecules in astrophysical environments. Graphitization of carbonaceous grains upon ion bombardment affect the spectral properties of the carbon grains in particular in the far-IR range.

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“…processes, but first affects their structural changes (Baratta et al 1991;Strazzulla et al 1992;Moore & Hudson 1992;Leto & Baratta 2003;Baragiola et al 2005;Mastrapa & Brown 2006;Famá et al 2010;Dartois et al 2013) and induces molecules and radicals desorption from these grains (e.g. Shen et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy ion irradiation of crystalline water ice

Dartois

Augé²,

Boduch³

et al. 2015

A&A

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Context. Under cosmic irradiation, the interstellar water ice mantles evolve towards a compact amorphous state. Crystalline ice amorphisation was previously monitored mainly in the keV to hundreds of keV ion energies. Aims. We experimentally investigate heavy ion irradiation amorphisation of crystalline ice, at high energies closer to true cosmic rays, and explore the water-ice sputtering yield. Methods. We irradiated thin crystalline ice films with MeV to GeV swift ion beams, produced at the GANIL accelerator. The ice infrared spectral evolution as a function of fluence is monitored with in-situ infrared spectroscopy (induced amorphisation of the initial crystalline state into a compact amorphous phase). Results. The crystalline ice amorphisation cross-section is measured in the high electronic stopping-power range for different temperatures. At large fluence, the ice sputtering is measured on the infrared spectra, and the fitted sputtering-yield dependence, combined with previous measurements, is quadratic over three decades of electronic stopping power. Conclusions. The final state of cosmic ray irradiation for porous amorphous and crystalline ice, as monitored by infrared spectroscopy, is the same, but with a large difference in cross-section, hence in time scale in an astrophysical context. The cosmic ray water-ice sputtering rates compete with the UV photodesorption yields reported in the literature. The prevalence of direct cosmic ray sputtering over cosmic-ray induced photons photodesorption may be particularly true for ices strongly bonded to the ice mantles surfaces, such as hydrogen-bonded ice structures or more generally the so-called polar ices.

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Radiation-induced amorphization of crystalline ice

Cited by 63 publications

References 31 publications

Magnetospheric considerations for solar system ice state

Magnetospheric considerations for solar system ice state

A laboratory study of ion-induced erosion of ice-covered carbon grains

Heavy ion irradiation of crystalline water ice

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