Radiation grafting of styrene onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) films in propanol: The influence of solvent and synthesis conditions

Walsby, Nadia; Paronen, Mikael; Juhanoja, Jyrki; Sundholm, Franciska

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(20000501)38:9<1512::aid-pola14>3.0.co;2-3

Cited by 50 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Correct choice of solvents is one of the essential elements toward the success of radiation‐induced grafting process. There are only a few publications on the influence of solvents on radiation‐induced grafting of different monomer/base film combinations 12, 20–23. However, research is still needed for understanding of the effect of solvents on grafting and properties of copolymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of novel graft copolymers by radiation‐induced grafting

Şanlı

Gürsel

2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The radiation-induced graft copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), 4-vinyl pyridine (4VP), and 2-vinyl pyridine (2VP) monomers onto poly (ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) was investigated. The influence of synthesis conditions particularly the solvent was studied. Various solvents, such as n-propanol, isoproponol, benzyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), nitromethane, 1,4-dioxane, and n-heptane were examined for this purpose. Graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX). It was found that the nature of the solvent had profound influence over the grafting reaction. Cyclohexanone, n-propanol, and isoproponol for 4VP/ETFE grafting, THF and 1,4-dioxane for NVP/ETFE grafting, and benzyl alcohol and methanol for 2VP/ETFE grafting were found to be the suitable solvents yielding highest graft levels. Isoproponol and n-propanol are promising in terms of both graft level and mechanical properties for 4VP/ETFE. Grafting of NVP, 4VP, and 2VP onto ETFE were verified through FTIR spectroscopy. Storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the copolymers were found to increase as graft level increased. Surface profile of representative films was also investigated by viewing the distribution of elemental nitrogen using SEM-EDAX. Results indicated that copolymers of 4VP, NVP, and 2VP are considerably different from each other. 4VP-based copolymers exhibited relatively more homogenous grafting over the surface compared with NVP-and 2VPbased copolymers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of novel graft copolymers by radiation‐induced grafting

Şanlı

Gürsel

2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Among many available grafting methods, radiation‐induced grafting of commercially available polymer films followed by sulfonation is one of the promising synthesis strategies 2–4. The preparation of membranes based on FEP (poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐ co ‐hexafluoropropylene), ETFE (poly(ethylene‐ alt ‐tetrafluoroethylene)), PVDF (poly(vinylidenefluoride)), and PFA (polytetrafluoroethylene‐ co ‐perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether)) has been reported at many occasions using simultaneous and preirradiation techniques 5–10. Because of their inertness, it is difficult to modify or functionalize most fluoropolymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ electron spin resonance study of styrene grafting of electron irradiated fluoropolymer films for fuel cell membranes

Mitov

Hübner

Brack

et al. 2006

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Three different electron beam irradiated fluoropolymers (ETFE, FEP, and PVDF) as well as their grafting reactions with styrene in different diluents were investigated by means of electron spin resonance (ESR). Depending on the atmosphere during irradiation, ESR spectra of peroxy and alkyl radicals were observed. Radical decay as a function of time and temperature was investigated in the presence and absence of solvent. Grafting levels and number of monomer units per chain were calculated for both types of radicals. Irradiation atmosphere, grafting temperature, and added solvent affect the morphology of the fluoropolymers, in particular the crystalline versus amorphous fractions and their swelling. They thus influence the rate at which the initial radicals at the polymer backbone are reached during the grafting process.

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“…It has been established that the grafting of vinyl monomers in FEP occurs by frontal mechanism. Grafting starts from layers close to the surface, then proceeds inwardly toward the core of the film by progressive diffusion through the swollen grafted layers 22, 29. Hence, best and uniform grafting is expected to occur in a solvent system in which the grafted zone swells maximum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of solvents in radiation‐induced grafting of 4‐vinyl pyridine onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer

Rath

Palai

Rao

et al. 2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A wide range of solvents have been examined to find their effect on radiation-induced grafting of 4-vinyl pyridine onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer by simultaneous irradiation technique. The effect of solvent on percentage of grafting has been monitored by varying monomer concentration and total dose of radiation. Further grafting results have been correlated with the solubility parameter of the solvent and solvent mixtures. Evidence of grafting has been based on characterization of grafted samples in terms of FTIR, EDAX, X-ray mapping, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Depth profiling of a few representative grafted films were studied by viewing the cross-sectional distribution of elemental nitrogen using SEM-EDAX. The results suggest that with increase in grafting the grafting front propagates from the surface toward bulk, thus establishing the frontal mechanism of radiation grafting. Furthermore, the grafted films were characterized for their surface properties using contact angle goniometry.

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Radiation grafting of styrene onto poly(vinylidene fluoride) films in propanol: The influence of solvent and synthesis conditions

Cited by 50 publications

References 17 publications

Synthesis and characterization of novel graft copolymers by radiation‐induced grafting

Synthesis and characterization of novel graft copolymers by radiation‐induced grafting

In situ electron spin resonance study of styrene grafting of electron irradiated fluoropolymer films for fuel cell membranes

Effect of solvents in radiation‐induced grafting of 4‐vinyl pyridine onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer

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